DEVELOPMENTAL CONTINUITY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN REACTIVITY IN MONKEYS

该项目通过对恒河猴和卷尾猴的纵向比较研究，调查灵长类动物的生物行为发育，特别强调对环境新奇性和挑战的不同行为和生理反应的个体模式的特征，并确定在不同的物理和社会环境中饲养的不同遗传背景的个体的长期发育后果。1999财政年度进行的研究（a）证明印度和中国血统的恒河猴在5-羟色胺转运体基因（5-HTT）的特定多态性的相对频率方面存在显著差异;（B）证明了5-HTT多态性和早期养育史对恒河猴新生儿和婴儿的视觉定向能力和状态控制以及对脑脊液（CSF）的显著相互作用。初级中枢5-羟色胺代谢物5-羟基吲哚乙酸（5-HIAA）的浓度与恒河猴幼猴和成年猴的攻击性;（c）在具有低CSF 5-HIAA浓度的自由放养的成年雄性恒河猴中正常昼夜活动模式的特征性破坏，复制了来自圈养受试者的先前发现，并记录了这些男性的死亡率高于其出生队列中的其他男性;（d）在CSF 5中，确定了恒河猴和猪尾猕猴之间的显著物种差异，HIAA浓度预测了这两种猕猴在整体攻击性和一般社会性方面的差异;（e）证明成年恒河猴唾液催乳素浓度与CSF 5-HIAA浓度高度相关，提供了一种可能的非侵入性方法来评估催乳素能功能;（f）证实恒河猴的左撇子与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）活动过度、恐惧和免疫功能受损有关（g）证明CRH 1型受体拮抗剂analarmin抑制成年雄性恒河猴中HPA活性和恐惧的行为表现;（h）尽管卷尾猴婴儿和少年的HPA活性发生了显著的发育变化，但其HPA反应性存在发育稳定的个体差异;和（i）确定了卷尾猴青少年和年轻成年人在玩耍行为，社会警惕性，以及与母亲和同龄人互动所花费的相对时间，与之前报道的恒河猴性别差异相似，尽管这两个物种在社会活动的总体速率和社会群体结构和动态方面存在重大差异。- 灵长类，生物行为发育，个体差异，基因-环境交互作用，血清素，HPA活性

This project investigates primate biobehavioral development through comparative longitudinal studies of rhesus and capuchin monkeys, with special emphasis on characterizing individual patterns of differential behavioral and physiological responses to environmental novelty and challenge and on determining long-term developmental consequences for individuals of different genetic backgrounds reared in different physical and social environments. Research carried out during FY99 (a) documented significant differences between rhesus monkeys of Indian vs. Chinese ancestry in the relative frequency of specific polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT); (b) demonstrated significant interactions between 5-HTT polymorphisms and early rearing history for visual orienting capabilities and state control in rhesus monkey neonates and infants and for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the primary central serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and aggression in rhesus monkey juveniles and adults; (c) characterized disruption of normal circadian activity patterns in free- ranging rhesus monkey adult males with low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations, replicating previous findings from captive subjects, and documented higher mortality rates for those males than for other males in their birth cohort; (d) identified significant species differences between rhesus monkeys and pigtail macaques in CSF 5-HIAA concentrations that were predictive of differences between these two macaque species in overall aggressivity and general sociality; (e) demonstrated that salivary prolactin concentrations in rhesus monkey adults are highly correlated with CSF 5-HIAA concentrations, providing a possible noninvasive procedure for assessing serotonergic function; (f) documented that left- handedness in rhesus monkeys is associated with excessive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity, fearfulness, and impaired immune function (as assessed by CD4% and CD4/CD8 ratios); (g) demonstrated that the CRH type 1 receptor antagonist analarmin suppresses HPA activity and behavioral manifestations of fearfulness in adult male rhesus monkeys; (h) characterized developmentally stable individual differences in HPA responsiveness among capuchin monkey infants and juveniles, despite significant developmental changes in their HPA activity; and (i) identified significant gender differences among capuchin monkey juveniles and young adults in play behavior, social vigilance, and in relative amount of time spent interacting with mothers and peers that parallel gender differences previously reported for rhesus monkeys, despite major differences between the two species in overall rates of social activity and in social group structure and dynamics. - primates, biobehavioral development, individual differences, gene-environment interactions, serotonin, HPA activity