CUE REACTIVITY IN DUAL ALCOHOL AND NICOTINE ADDICTION

已经有充分的证据表明，有很高的并存发病率。 在酒精中毒和尼古丁依赖之间。越来越多的证据支持 条件反射机制在两种成瘾形式中的重要作用 行为。具体地说，酗酒者和吸烟者倾向于表现出 在面对环境和环境问题时的反应模式 与之前可靠地关联的内感刺激 吸毒。这种现象通常被称为线索反应性，并且 已经提出了几个理论模型来解释这一点 反应性。鉴于酗酒者的吸烟率很高，这是 可以想象，吸烟提示或尼古丁戒断可能会促进 对酒精的渴望。未能解释这一关系在 酒精治疗可能会适得其反，并可能导致 有复发的风险。 这项拟议的研究将考察下列人群的线索反应性模式 目前对尼古丁上瘾的酗酒者，以及比较 纯酒精、纯尼古丁和非依赖对照组。 研究1将需要开发和经验性验证一套 将使用与酒精相关的图像脚本，与 以前开发的与吸烟相关的图像脚本和视觉线索 对于酒精和尼古丁，在随后的两项线索反应性研究中。在……里面 研究2，这些想象和视觉线索将在 球杆反应性评估的不同阶段，以及标准化 愉快的、中性的和不愉快的暗示作为情感控制。 将跨三个一般响应域索引反应性(即， 口头报告、心理生理和行为)，并将包括 惊恐眨眼反射的评估及相关测量 线索反应性(即反应时)的信息加工模型。 在研究3中，所有受试者都是尼古丁依赖型酗酒者，而 评估将在三种尼古丁水平中的一种进行 不同组别的受试者退学。结果应该会有所改善 我们对尼古丁和酒精之间强烈联系的理解 成瘾，并将对这种双重疾病的治疗产生影响 上瘾。

It has been well documented that there is a high rate of co-morbidity between alcoholism and nicotine dependence. Increasing evidence supports an important role for conditioning mechanisms in both forms of addictive behavior. Specifically, alcoholics and smokers tend to display certain patterns of responding when confronted with environmental and interoceptive stimuli that have been reliably associated with previous drug taking. This phenomenon is often termed cue reactivity, and several theoretical models have been forwarded to account for this reactivity. Given the high rate of smoking among alcoholics, it is conceivable that smoking cues or nicotine withdrawal may promote cravings for alcohol. The failure to account for this relationship in alcohol treatment may be counterproductive and may lead to an increased risk for relapse. The proposed research will examine patterns of cue reactivity among alcoholics who are currently addicted to nicotine, as well as comparison groups of alcohol-only, nicotine-only, and non-dependent controls. Study 1 will entail development and empirical validation of a set of alcohol-relevant imagery scripts that will be used, in combination with previously developed smoking- relevant imagery scripts and visual cues for alcohol and nicotine, in two subsequent cue reactivity studies. In Study 2, these imaginal and visual cues will be presented during separate phases of a cue reactivity assessment, along with standardized pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant cues as affective controls. Reactivity will be indexed across three general responses domains (i.e., verbal report, psychophysiological, and behavioral), and will include assessment of the startle eye blink reflex and a measure related to information processing models of cue reactivity (i.e., reaction time). In Study 3, all subjects will be nicotine-dependent alcoholics, and the assessment will occur during one of the three levels of nicotine withdrawal for separate groups of subjects. The results should improve our understanding of the strong association between nicotine and alcohol addiction, and will have implications for the treatment of this dual addiction.