Integrating remote sensing and ground-based spectral analysis to investigate biodiversity of archaeological sites in Amazonia

越来越多的证据和认识表明，人类对生态系统和生物多样性的影响正在对可持续性产生重大影响。亚马逊在以下方面是一个极其重要的生物群：发展的潜在影响(例如砍伐森林)、土著人民及其生计的可持续性、具有全球影响的生物多样性和生态系统服务的可持续性。城市化、集约农业或大规模退耕还草等现代土地利用已经对亚马逊地区的生物多样性产生了毁灭性的影响。直到最近，亚马逊还被认为是原始森林，过去几乎没有人占据。研究人员现在已经同意，尽管人们对当代人类影响有敏锐的认识，但至少流域的河流区域被密集占据，亚马逊实际上是一个研究人类影响的长期影响的实验室。新兴技术将揭示远古人类对生物多样性的足迹，这反过来将帮助我们更好地了解当前和未来的人类影响，并可能制定缓解战略，为国家和全球保护生物多样性和可持续发展提供信息。该项目的总体目标是实施和展示一种新的方法来调查人类对亚马逊热带雨林生物多样性的影响。这将通过建立一个包括遥感专业知识、考古学家和植物生物多样性专业知识的多学科团队来实现。我们的计划是展示将基于地面的植被光谱分析(近红外-近红外光谱分析)与使用近红外的航空调查数据相结合的有用性和威力，以开发一种可通过遥感扩展到更大区域的当地生物多样性分析方法。这将能够分析过去人类活动对生物多样性的影响，也将能够在更大范围内调查人类足迹。工作方案包括一个英国启动讲习班、一个巴西讲习班和一个实地示范项目。该项目是在STFC/NERC生物信息学和环境全景学全球挑战网络下建立的科学网络的基础上发展起来的。通过这些方案开展的网络活动还与“印第安人Terra Preta de Indio网络”(Terra Preta De Indio Network)建立了接口。目前STFC Futures提案的目的是巩固一个潜在的研究网络，该网络涉及地球观测系统，并整合STFC ral-Space(遥感)、St Andrews(植物多样性和保护)、RBG Kew(植物多样性和保护、遥感)、加的夫(TPINet)和巴西USP(考古)的各种优势，以开发先进的遥感技术，用于研究人类活动对亚马逊生态系统的长期影响。

There is growing evidence and awareness that human impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity are leading to significant implications for sustainability. Amazonia is a critically important biome in terms of: potential impacts of development (e.g. deforestation), sustainability of indigenous peoples and their livelihood, and sustainability of biodiversity and ecosystem services with global impact. Modern land uses such as urbanization, intensive agriculture or extensive conversion to pasture is already showing devastating effects on Amazonian biodiversity. Until recently, the Amazon was considered to be pristine forest, barely occupied by people in the past. Researchers have now come to agree that at least the riverine areas of the basin were densely occupied While there is keen awareness of contemporary anthropic effects, Amazonia is in fact a laboratory for investigation of long-term impacts of anthropic influence. Emerging technologies will shed light on ancient human footprints on biodiversity which in turn will help us to better understand current and future anthropic impacts and potentially develop mitigation strategies which will inform national and global efforts towards biodiversity conservation and sustainability.The overarching objective of this project is to implement and demonstrate a novel approach to investigation of anthropic impacts on biodiversity in the Amazonian rainforest. This will be achieved by developing a multidisciplinary team that includes remote sensing expertise, archaeologists, and plant biodiversity expertise. Our plan is to demonstrate the usefulness and power of integrating ground-based spectral analysis of vegetation (NIR - near infrared spectroscopy) with aerial survey data using NIR to develop a method for analysing local biodiversity that is scalable to much larger areas by remote sensing. This will enable analysis of the impact of past human activity on biodiversity, and it will also enable investigation of that human footprint across a larger landscape. The programme of work includes a UK inception workshop, a Brazilian workshop, and a field demonstration project. This project has grown out of scientific networks established under STFC/NERC Global Challenges Network on Bioinformatics and Environmental Omics. Networking activities through these programmes have also established an interface with the "Terra Preta de Indio Network" (TPInet: http://tpinet.org).The purpose of the present STFC Futures proposal is to consolidate a potential research network involving EOS and integrating across strengths at STFC RAL-Space (remote sensing), St Andrews (plant diversity and conservation), RBG Kew (plant diversity and conservation, remote sensing), Cardiff (TPINet)., and USP, Brazil (archaeology) to develop advanced remote sensing technologies for investigation of long-term anthropic impacts on Amazonian ecosystems.