Going carbon negative - Can bioenergy with carbon capture and storage be part of the solution? Developing a framework to assess the impacts of UK and

几个能源和气候变化未来情景将“具有碳捕获和封存的生物能源”(BECCS)确定为向低碳经济转变的重要推动因素。这反映了这两种技术相结合的能力，能够有效地从大气中消除大量二氧化碳，同时提供热量、电力和液体生物燃料，从而产生了“碳负能量”的概念(IPCC，2013)。国家评估，如CCC(CCC，2011)和能源白皮书(DECC，2011)，实际上，在全球IPCC评估(IPCC，2013)中，确定BECCS在脱碳战略中发挥核心作用。尽管这是一个有吸引力的选择，但部署仍然存在重大的技术障碍，到目前为止，还没有考虑到大规模部署对自然资本和生态系统服务的影响。与此同时，英国自然资本委员会(NEA，2014)建议政府批准一项维持和改善自然资本的长期计划，并将自然资本纳入英国基础设施的世代规划。碳储量(土壤)、野生动物(生物多样性)和水资源已被确定为目前受到严重威胁的自然资本，如果未来不仔细考虑，可能会导致从这一自然资本产生的可观效益的损失，包括粮食、能源和气候调节。人们还认识到，这些资产在英国(贝特曼等人，2013年)和其他地方具有重要的空间维度，这种空间维度必须在任何未来的政策制定中得到考虑，包括反映我们的全球足迹在为英国提供低碳经济方面的全面影响的基于消费的指标。该博士学位的目的是结合能源和自然资本评估方法的思想，使用NEA和其他地方出现的大量工具(包括Coment和UKERC Path主题)，并开发一个框架，以了解BECCS对英国和更广泛的可能影响。

Several Energy and Climate Change future scenarios identify 'Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage'- (BECCS) as a significant enabler of the move towards a low carbon economy. This reflects the ability of these two technologies in combination, to effectively remove large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere whilst at the same time, providing heat, power and liquid biofuels, leading to the concept of 'carbon negative energy' (IPCC, 2013). National UK assessments such as CCC (CCC, 2011) and the Energy White paper (DECC, 2011) and indeed, within the global IPCC assessment (IPCC, 2013), identify BECCS as having a central role in decarbonisation strategies. Although this is an attractive option, there remain significant technical barriers to deployment and to date, no consideration has been made of the impacts of wide-scale deployment on natural capital and ecosystem services. At the same time, the UK Natural Capital Committee (NEA, 2014) is recommending that Government endorses a long-term plan to maintain and improve natural capital and that natural capital should be incorporated into generational planning of UK infrastructure. Carbon stocks (soils), wildlife (biodiversity) and water resources have been identified as natural capital that is significantly threatened at present and that without careful consideration in future, may lead to the loss of considerable benefits that flow from this natural capital, including food, energy and climate regulation. It has also been recognised that these assets have a significant spatial dimension in the UK (Bateman et al., 2013) and elsewhere and this spatiality must be considered in any future policy developments, including consumption-based metrics that reflect the full impact of our global footprint, here in the delivery of a low carbon economy for the UK. The aim of this PhD is to bring together thinking from the energy and natural capital evaluation approaches, using the considerable number of tools emerging from NEA and elsewhere (including ADVENT and UKERC Pathways Theme) and to develop a framework to understand the likely implications of BECCS for the UK and more widely.