Development of activated carbons from Tyre Char for Carbon Capture and storage, for application in the global Cement Industry

国际上为点源排放者(主要是燃烧发电厂)部署碳捕获和封存(CCS)被认为是将二氧化碳排放控制在《联合国气候变化框架公约》目标范围内，同时不扰乱全球能源或工业需求的唯一途径(IPPC，2014)(DECC，2012)。人类活动中二氧化碳的持续释放主要是由于发展中经济体(煤炭)和发达国家(天然气)的化石燃料的持续发电以及家庭燃料的使用(取暖和烹饪)。全球二氧化碳的另一个主要来源是为全球建筑业生产水泥熟料。水泥制造业是工业二氧化碳的最大单一来源，约占全球排放量的5%。中国被评为仅次于中国和美国的全球第三大二氧化碳排放国。众所周知，从废气中分离二氧化碳的过程是一个高度耗能的过程(使用一个典型发电站输出的高达40%的能量)，需要现有CCS系统的大部分成本，因此这些CCS过程中的捕获机制非常低效。这种效率低下的原因是，由于二氧化碳与胺的高结合能，一旦捕获二氧化碳，就需要大量的热量来从胺溶液中解吸二氧化碳。在典型的CCS改装电厂中，这可以使每千瓦时的电力成本增加80%。另一种捕获二氧化碳的方法是吸附在活性碳上，活性碳是一种具有非常高表面积的工程有机物。重点研究成果将是开发一种新型的基于活性碳吸附的二氧化碳捕集系统，实现从水泥窑废气中分离和浓缩二氧化碳。该系统中使用的碳的拟议原料将是轮胎热解产生的焦炭。通过对热解过程的仔细选择和分析，以及各种优化和材料处理技术的应用，应该可以显著增强所产生的活性碳对二氧化碳的吸附。作为一种活性碳，焦炭的价值将显著增加。通常，活性碳的售价超过1000 GB/吨，价格与应用的专业化挂钩。用于特殊用途(如二氧化碳捕集)的活性碳的价值将比基本水处理碳高得多。这样，对浓缩二氧化碳的管理就更容易实现了。例如，它可以被泵送到安全存储(CCS)，从而有助于减少与发电水泥制造或专门建筑应用(水泥碳化)释放的二氧化碳相关的全球变暖影响。EPSRC研究领域：碳捕获和储存

International deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) for point-source emitters (primarily combustion power plants) is considered as the only way to control CO2 emissions to within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) targets, whilst not disrupting global energy or industrial demands (IPPC, 2014) (DECC, 2012). The continued release of CO2 from human activities is mainly due to ongoing power generation from fossil fuel usage in developing economies (coal) and in developed countries (natural gas) alongside domestic fuel usage (heating and cooking). The other major global source of CO2 is from the production of cement clinker for the global construction industry. Cement manufacture is the single largest industrial source of industrial CO2, accounting for ~ 5% of global emission. It is rated as the third largest global source of CO2 after the economies of China and the USA. It is well recognised that the process of separating the CO2 from waste flue-gases is a highly energy intensive process (using up to 40% of the output from a typical power station), entailing the majority of the cost of existent CCS systems, hence the capture mechanism in these CCS processes is very inefficient. This inefficiency arises because significant heat is required to desorb the CO2 from the amine solution once it has been captured, due to the high binding energy of the CO2 to the amine. In a typical CCS retrofitted power plant, this can increase the electricity cost per KWh by 80%. An alternative methodology for CO2 capture is by adsorption on to activated carbon, which is an engineered organic matter with a very high surface area. he key research output will be the development of a novel activated carbon adsorbent-based "CO2 capture" system to achieve the separation and concentration of the CO2 from the waste gas stream of cement kilns. The proposed feedstock for the carbon used in the system will be the char from tyre pyrolysis. Through careful selection and analysis of the pyrolysis process, alongside the application of various optimisation and material processing techniques, it should be feasible to significantly enhance the adsorption of carbon dioxide by the resulting activated carbons. As an activated carbon, the char's value will increase significantly. Typically, activated carbon is sold for over £1000/tonne, with the price being linked to the specialisation of the application. An Activated carbon for specialist uses (such as CO2 capture), would be of a much higher value than basic water treatment carbons. The management of the concentrated CO2 is then much more readily achieved. For example, it can be pumped to secure storage (CCS), thus helping to reduce the global warming effect associated with CO2 release from cement manufacture of electricity generation or applied in specialist construction applications (cementitious carbonation).EPSRC research area :Carbon Capture and Storage