Aural media as a tool for the consolidation of identity: Mapuche uses of sound for asserting cultural & territorial autonomy in contemporary Argentina

使用听觉媒体，特别是无线电广播，有助于维持土著阿根廷人的另类地位-通过将政治斗争合法化为“麻烦”，并通过压制和歪曲土著文化（Carcámo-Huechante, 2013: 53）。一些马普切组织利用无线电作为一种媒介，通过这种媒介可以巩固集体身份，例如巴里洛切的MapUrbe （Carcámo-Huechante, 2013; Briones, 2007）。通过用马普切语（马普切语）进行广播，并使用各种声音、音乐和口头证词，活动人士和文化生产者的目标是将他们周围的文化马普切化。巩固自主原住民身份的努力，与反对侵占祖传领土和破坏性开采自然资源的斗争是分不开的（Escobar, 2008）。Petras & Veltmeyer（2015）记录了“掠夺性帝国主义”推动了拉丁美洲粉红浪潮特征的新发展主义经济增长模式；为了应对全球自然资源价格的上涨，各国政府加强了资源开采，并利用出口增加的收入来推动国家主导的开发项目。这助长了21世纪土著社区与国家/企业利益之间的冲突。尽管马克里的当选标志着新发展主义的危机，但它也导致了采掘业的加剧——最近在neuquacimen的Vaca Muerta的页岩气勘探就是一个例子——导致马普切人与阿根廷政府之间的冲突加剧。霸权的听觉媒体在延续对这一现实的否定，沉默和歪曲马普切人的观点方面发挥了突出作用（费舍尔）。相反，马普切文化、语言和身份通过电波的表达是反对榨取主义的领土自治斗争的一部分。因此，本计画旨在确定：在阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚的领土斗争和抵抗采掘主义的背景下，马普切文化生产（特别是通过音乐、广播和在线听觉媒体）如何巩固马普切人的身份？子问题将探讨以下内容：在技术发展的推动下，阿根廷不断变化的媒体格局对马普切文化生产过程有何影响？主张重新配置的马普切身份与争取领土自治和自决的斗争之间的动态关系是什么？这些过程如何适应国家层面的土著政治？反采掘运动如何与阿根廷国家自我形象的转变相互作用？方法论和批判性方法这种类型的研究自然涉及定性数据，并且需要很大程度上的解释性方法。我的观点主要是文化的，同时我也从人类学中汲取。因此，我的项目关注文化生产的过程和文化产品本身。因此，我的研究设计需要一种混合方法的跨学科方法，将音频文本-听觉媒体项目-的收集和分析与民族志数据和访谈相结合。我将收集的音频文本分为四类：(1)音乐；（二）录音广播节目和播客中的对话；（三）新闻报道；(4)法度/故事。人种学数据将通过观察收集，观察巴塔哥尼亚特定马普切社区听觉媒体生产过程中涉及的社会和认知过程。为了证实这一点，我将进行半结构化的录音采访，特别是与参与马普切听觉媒体制作的人——组织者、主持人和表演者——以及社区人物。

The use of aural media, particularly radio broadcast, has contributed to the maintenance of indigenous Argentines in a position of alterity - by delegitimising political struggles as "troublesome", and by suppressing and misrepresenting indigenous culture (Carcámo-Huechante, 2013: 53). Some Mapuche organisations have utilised radio as a medium through which collective identity can be consolidated - e.g. MapUrbe in Bariloche (Carcámo-Huechante, 2013; Briones, 2007). By broadcasting in Mapudungun (the Mapuche language) and using various sounds, music and oral testimonies, activists and cultural producers are aiming to mapuchize the culture around them Efforts to consolidate self-determined indigenous identities cannot be separated from resistance to the expropriation of ancestral territories and the destructive exploitation of natural resources (Escobar, 2008). Petras & Veltmeyer (2015) have documented the "extractive imperialism" that drove the neo-developmentalist model of economic growth characteristic of Latin America's Pink Tide; responding to a global boom in prices for natural resources, governments intensified resource extraction and used the increased revenues from exports to drive state-led development projects. This has fuelled twenty-first-century conflicts between indigenous communities and state/corporate interests. Although Macri's election signals a crisis of neo-developmentalism, it has also led to intensified extractivism - as exemplified by recent shale gas exploration in Vaca Muerta, Neuquén - resulting in greater conflict between Mapuche groups and the Argentine state. Hegemonic aural media plays a prominent role in perpetuating the negation of this reality, silencing and misrepresenting Mapuche perspectives (Fischer). Conversely, the articulation of Mapuche culture, language and identity through the airwaves is part of the struggle for territorial autonomy against extractivism. This project, therefore, seeks to determine:How has Mapuche cultural production - specifically through music, radio and online aural media - enabled the consolidation of Mapuche identity, in the context of territorial struggle and resistance to extractivism in Argentine Patagonia?Sub-questions will explore the following:What have been the effects of the changing media landscape in Argentina, driven by technological developments, on these processes of Mapuche cultural production?What are the dynamics of the relationship between the assertion of reconfigured Mapuche identities and struggles for territorial autonomy and self-determination?How do these processes fit into indigenous politics on a national level? How does anti-extractivism interact with the transformations in Argentina's national self-image?Methodology and critical approachesThis type of research naturally involves qualitative data and will require a largely interpretive methodology. My outlook is primarily cultural, while I also draw from anthropology. As such, my project addresses the processes of cultural production and the cultural products themselves. Therefore, my research design requires a mixed-methods interdisciplinary approach, combining the collection and analysis of audio texts - items of aural media - with that of ethnographic data and interviews.The audio texts I will be collecting fall into four categories: (1) music; (2) conversations on recorded radio shows and podcasts; (3) news reports; (4) testimonies/stories.Ethnographic data will be gathered through observation, looking at the social and cognitive processes involved in the production of aural media in specific Mapuche communities in Patagonia.To corroborate this, I will conduct recorded semi-structured interviews, in particular with people involved in Mapuche aural media production - organisers, presenters and performers - as well as community figures.