Life Course and Contextual Determinants of HIV Risk

描述（由申请人提供）：该提案旨在提高对青少年生命过程中艾滋病毒风险行为决定因素的认识，并明确关注社区风险环境。虽然一系列研究调查了结构背景（例如，社区贫困）对危险行为流行的作用，但很少有人试图解开将这些因素与危险性活动率联系起来的机制。我们研究了以下问题：(1)城市社区的结构和空间特征（集中劣势、集中富裕、居住稳定性和种族异质性）是否与青少年性风险行为有关？(2)邻里社会过程（集体效能、身体和社会障碍、规范取向）是否介导或调节邻里结构效应与性风险行为之间的关联？(3)社区机构资源（社区组织/服务和学校）是否介导或调节社区结构效应与性风险行为之间的关联？(4)邻里社会网络和家庭过程（冲突/攻击和父母的温暖、严厉和参与）是否介导或调节邻里结构对性风险行为的影响？我们还考虑了社区结构对性风险行为的假设机制的影响是否被个体发育脆弱性（情绪健康状况差和认知功能低下）和近端风险因素（暴露于暴力、异常同伴和风险容忍态度）以及社区社会过程和其他环境影响之间的潜在相互作用所调节。来自芝加哥社区人类发展项目的数据被用来研究社区对性危险行为的影响。这项研究是多层次的，从芝加哥80个按种族/民族和社会经济地位分层的社区中随机选择的家庭。在本研究中，将使用3波数据，分别用于3组青少年，分别在9岁、12岁和15岁时首次出现，此后每2年一次（N = 2344）。每一阶段都对青少年和家长进行深入访谈。在第1波前和第3波时评估邻里特征。邻里数据来源于：(1)居民对邻里评价的大规模调查；(2)邻里观察研究；（三）普查资料；(4)地方机关的行政资料。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal seeks to advance knowledge regarding adolescent life course determinants of HIV risk behavior with explicit attention to the neighborhood context of risk. While a range of studies has investigated the role of structural context (e.g., neighborhood poverty) on the prevalence of risk behavior, few have attempted to unpack the mechanisms that link these factors with rates of risky sexual activity. We address the following questions: (1) Are structural and spatial features of urban neighborhoods (concentrated disadvantage, concentrated affluence, residential stability, & ethnic heterogeneity) associated with adolescent sexual risk behavior? (2) Do neighborhood social processes (collective efficacy, physical and social disorder, & normative orientations) mediate or moderate associations between neighborhood structural effects and sexual risk behavior? (3) Do community institutional resources (neighborhood organizations/services & schools) mediate or moderate associations among neighborhood structural effects and sexual risk behavior? And (4) Do neighborhood social networks and family processes (conflict/aggression and parental warmth, harshness, and engagement) mediate or moderate neighborhood structural effects on sexual risk behavior? We also consider whether the effect of hypothesized mechanisms of neighborhood structural effects on sexual risk behavior are moderated by individual developmental vulnerabilities (poor emotional health and low cognitive functioning) and proximal risk factors (exposure to violence, deviant peers, & risk tolerant attitudes) as well as potential interactions between neighborhood social processes and other contextual influences. Data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods are used to examine neighborhood effects on sexual risk behavior. This study is multilevel, with households randomly selected from 80 Chicago neighborhoods stratified by race/ethnicity and SES. For this proposal, 3 waves of data will be used for 3 cohorts of youth first seen at ages 9, 12, and 15 and every 2 years thereafter (N = 2344). Intensive interviews with adolescents and parents were conducted at each wave. Neighborhood characteristics were assessed before wave 1 and at wave 3. Neighborhood data are drawn from: (1) large-scale survey of resident's assessments of neighborhoods; (2) observational study of neighborhoods; (3) Census data; and (4) administrative data from local agencies.