Development of arousal and attention regulation

次级项目二代表着一个新领域的延伸，这个领域是从我们以前的工作发展而来的，并带来了以前的研究中没有涉及的整个层面。早期以联合注意和手势的形式发展的社会注意和交流技能可能是后来语言技能的先兆。在母婴互动中，两个参与者都带来了在二分体中动态发挥作用的技能和调节能力。婴儿的自我调节可能在这一发育过程中发挥重要作用。自动调节可以被表示为一个动态平衡系统，在这个系统中，来自内部和外部的刺激都有一个最佳水平 为婴儿与其环境的最佳互动提供外部来源。高危婴儿更有可能出现自我调节问题，影响他们照顾和与社会环境互动的能力。例如，组织混乱、过度兴奋和/或易怒的婴儿往往自我调节策略较少和/或效率较低，因此往往无法处理增加的刺激量，因此远离刺激，无论是来自人还是来自物体的刺激。唤醒不足的婴儿往往需要更多的刺激来使他/她自己注意到刺激。自动调节方面的赤字可能是早期赤字的基础 更可能发生在高危婴儿身上的社会关注和交流，以及中枢神经系统损害的特点(例如，急性或慢性)以及发生的时间可能会对这些结果产生不同的影响。在这种情况下，母亲对婴儿自我调节能力的反应将是至关重要的，因为不同的风格和程度的敏感性可以改善或加强典型发育中的婴儿的功能失调的相互作用，但在患有中枢神经系统问题的婴儿中更是如此。此外，这种早期社会关注和沟通的缺陷与 有功能障碍的相互作用可能是后来语言技能缺陷的先兆，众所周知，语言技能缺陷在中枢神经系统损伤的婴儿中更为普遍。这个项目将能够使用来自核心程序的自动调节、注意力和反应性的信息，以及理解由子项目I评估的运动调节如何在社会互动和交流中发挥作用。

Subproject II represents an extension into a new area that has evolved from our previous work and brings an entire dimension that was not addressed in earlier studies. Development of early social attention and communication skills in the form of joint attention and gestures may be precursors to later language skills. In the mother-infant interaction, both participants bring skills and regulatory capacities that act dynamically in the dyad. Autoregulation of the infant may play an important role in this developmental process. Autoregulation can be represented as a homeostatic system in which there is an optimal level of stimulation from both internal and external sources for the best interaction of the infant with his/her environment. High-risk infants are more likely to have autoregulatory problems that affect their ability to attend to and interact with their social environment. For example, the infant who is disorganized, overaroused, and/or irritable tends to have fewer and/or less efficient autoregulatory strategies and thus tends to be unable to handle increased amounts of stimulation and so turns away from stimulation, whether it is from persons or objects. The infant who is underaroused tends to need more stimulation to bring him/herself to attend to stimuli. Deficits in autoregulation may underlie the deficits in early social attention and communication that are more likely to occur in high-risk infants, and the characteristics of the CNS insult (e.g., acute or chronic) and when it occurs may differentially affect these outcomes. Maternal responsivity to infant autoregulatory capacity would be crucial in this circumstance as different styles and degree of sensitivity could ameliorate or enhance dysfunctional interactions in typically developing infants, but even more so in infants with CNS problems. Moreover, such deficits in early social attention and communication associated with dysfunctional interactions may be precursors for later deficits in language skills that are known to be more prevalent in CNS-injured infants. This project will be able to use information on autoregulation, attention, and reactivity from Core procedures as well as understand how motor regulation as evaluated by Subproject I may play a role in social interactions and communication.