Prenatal Drug Exposure: Effects on Adolescent Brain

描述（由申请人提供）： 该应用程序扩展了以前资助的调查低收入，城市非洲裔美国儿童通过纵向跟踪到青春期。实验组（高或低接触）在产前接触可卡因，并在分娩时进行毒理学测试。对照组由来自同一社区的未暴露的匹配儿童样本组成。这个翻译应用程序有两个阶段。第一阶段研究产前物质暴露如何与青春期近端大脑功能相关，通过神经心理学测量的注意力，记忆力和执行功能进行评估;神经相关的工作记忆和响应风险和奖励评估功能磁共振成像测量;和唾液皮质醇的昼夜节律。由于产前物质暴露往往发生在环境挑战的背景下（贫困，持续使用药物，并在护理中断），应用程序将检查产前物质暴露的影响是否由环境因素调节。在第二阶段，该应用程序将研究产前物质暴露如何通过学习成绩，社会情感发展和早期药物使用（大麻）与青少年的远端功能相关。通过唾液皮质醇测量对急性挑战的反应，将用于了解青少年适应环境压力的能力，并最终了解他们对早期吸毒的适应能力或脆弱性。该应用程序将检查产前物质暴露与远端行为的关系是直接的还是通过近端大脑功能介导的。以发展生态学理论为指导，采用多方法，多信息策略，包括青少年，照顾者和教师的报告;神经心理，学术和社会情感表现的标准化措施;脑成像;和应激反应的生物标志物（唾液皮质醇）和药物使用（头发和尿液）。 该应用程序检查了产前接触可卡因和/或海洛因的青少年的学习成绩，社会情感功能和药物使用情况。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This application extends a previously funded investigation among low-income, urban African American children through longitudinal follow-up into adolescence. The Experimental Group (High or Low Exposure) was prenatally exposed to cocaine, documented by toxicology tests at delivery. A comparison group was comprised of an unexposed matched sample of children from the same community. This translational application has two phases. The first phase examines how prenatal substance exposure is related to proximal brain functioning during adolescence, assessed through neuropsychological measures of attention, memory, and executive functioning; the neural correlates of working memory and response to risk and reward evaluation measured by fMRI; and diurnal rhythms of salivary cortisol. Because prenatal substance exposure often occurs in the context of environmental challenges (poverty, ongoing drug use, and disruptions in care), the application will examine whether the effects of prenatal substance exposure are moderated by environmental factors. In the second phase, the application will examine how prenatal substance exposure is related to adolescents' distal functioning via academic performance, socio-emotional development, and early drug use (marijuana). Response to acute challenges, measured by salivary cortisol, will be used to understand the adolescents' ability to adapt to environmental pressures and ultimately their resilience or vulnerability to early drug use. The application will examine whether the relationship from prenatal substance exposure to distal behavior is direct or mediated through proximal brain functioning. With developmental-ecological theory as a guide, a multi-method, multi-informant strategy is used, incorporating reports from adolescents, caregivers, and teachers; standardized measures of neuropsychological, academic, and socio-emotional performance; brain imaging; and biomarkers of the stress response (salivary cortisol) and drug use (hair and urine). This application examines academic performance, socio-emotional functioning, and drug use among adolescents exposed to cocaine and/or heroin prenatally.