Endosomal-Lysosomal Function in Neuronal Storage Disease

描述（由申请方提供）：最初设想的储存障碍被认为是由于在酸性环境中具有许多降解酶的终末细胞器（溶酶体）内缺乏水解酶活性所致。认为需要缺失酶降解的底物在三级溶酶体内积累，随着时间的推移，细胞质拥挤导致细胞功能受损，随后细胞死亡。鞘糖脂（GSL）、粘多糖和糖蛋白被记录为需要溶酶体降解的典型底物，并且基于其积累（鞘糖脂病、粘多糖病、糖蛋白病等）确定了许多类别的贮藏疾病。这些储存化合物中的许多在脑中显著表达，其中有限的神经发生和长期神经元存活的需要被认为放大了细胞内储存的细胞毒性作用。重要的是，近年来的研究已经显着改变了这种观点的溶酶体贮积症。首先，参与许多非溶酶体和/或非酶功能的蛋白质现在已经被证明是细胞内溶酶体储存的原因。这些蛋白质中的一些对于溶酶体酶的加工或靶向是必需的，但其他蛋白质是可溶性非酶溶酶体蛋白质或者是参与细胞器或底物运输的跨膜蛋白质。其次，溶酶体本身已被视为不仅是一个独立的终端细胞器，而是作为一个动态连续的细胞成分与内涵体。内体-溶酶体系统本身不仅对分子的降解和再循环至关重要，而且在信号转导事件和稳态控制机制中也至关重要。许多通过内体-溶酶体系统转运的分子（GSL、胆固醇等）已被鉴定为被认为在质膜中充当信号平台的特化微区（“筏”）的组成部分。因此，溶酶体贮积病可能代表筏功能紊乱的状态，其中储存由内体和溶酶体内筏的“堵塞”组成。这种异常与大脑中的储存特别相关，其中神经元不仅仅退化，而是经历奇异和独特的改变，从某些类别的神经元上新的突触覆盖的异位树突的发芽到其他神经元上不寻常的轴突异常的形成。目前的建议将使用在体内和体外分析和神经元储存疾病的小鼠模型相结合，以测试特定的假设集中在分子/细胞发病机制的储存疾病。我们相信，这种理解的进步将为潜在的治疗策略提供新的见解，并进一步阐明内体-溶酶体系统在健康和疾病中所起的关键作用。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Storage disorders as originally conceived were believed caused by an absence of hydrolytic enzyme activity within end-organelles (lysosomes) possessing numerous degradative enzymes in an acid milieu. Substrates requiring the missing enzyme for degradation accumulated within tertiary lysosomes and over time cytoplasmic crowding was believed to lead to compromise in cell function followed by cell death. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins were documented as typical substrates requiring the lysosome for degradation and numerous classes of storage diseases were established on the basis of their accumulation (glycosphingolipidoses, mucopolysaccharidoses, glycoproteinoses, etc.). Many of these storage compounds were prominently expressed in brain where limited neurogenesis and the need for long-term neuronal survival were believed to amplify the cytotoxic effects of intracellular storage. Importantly, studies of recent years have significantly altered this view of lysosomal storage disorders. Firstly, proteins involved in a host of non-lysosomal and/or non-enzymatic functions have now been documented as causes of intracellular lysosomal storage. Some of these proteins are essential for processing or targeting of lysosomal enzymes but others are soluble non-enzyme lysosomal proteins or are transmembrane proteins involved in organelle or substrate trafficking. Secondly, the lysosome itself has come to be viewed not simply as an independent end-organelle, but rather as a cell component in dynamic continuum with endosomes. The endosomal-lysosomal system has itself been established as critical not only for the degradation and recycling of molecules but also in signal transduction events and homeostatic control mechanisms. Many of the molecules transiting through the endosomal-lysosomal system (GSLs, cholesterol, etc.) have been identified as constituent parts of specialized microdomains ("rafts") believed to act as signaling platforms in the plasmalemma. Consequently, lysosomal storage diseases may represent states of disordered raft function with storage consisting of "log jams" of rafts within endosomes and lysosomes. Such abnormalities are particularly relevant to storage in brain where neurons do not simply degenerate but undergo bizarre and unique alterations ranging from sprouting of new, synapse-covered ectopic dendrites on some classes of neurons to formation of unusual axonal abnormalities on others. The current proposal will use a combination of in vivo and in vitro analyses and murine models of neuronal storage diseases to test specific hypotheses focused on the molecular/cellular pathogenesis of storage diseases. Such advances in understanding we believe will provide new insights into potential treatment strategies and further elucidate the critical role played by the endosomal-lysosomal system in both health and disease.