Life Course Impacts of Nonnormative Parenting

这项研究建立在小额赠款的基础上，并利用威斯康星纵向研究（WLS）来调查非规范养育的长期影响。对于子女患有发育性残疾或精神分裂症的父母，或经历过子女死亡的父母，在他们从中年过渡到提前退休年龄时，将对他们的成就和幸福进行比较。使用一套新的筛查措施，将在WLS队列中确定这些组中的父母。受影响的WLS父母将与未受影响的父母进行比较，以控制在非规范育儿事件发生之前父母群体之间的差异。分析将包括对经历过非规范养育挑战的WLS父母的异质性的组内评估，在生命历程的不同阶段的横断面组比较，以及对非规范养育经历对生命历程轨迹和结果的影响的纵向分析。研究问题将(1)调查当父母对患有发育障碍或精神分裂症的孩子负有长期照顾责任时，或者当他们经历孩子的死亡时，在教育、职业、婚姻和生育领域的生命历程是如何分化的；(2)对比四组父母（孩子患有发育障碍、精神分裂症的父母、经历孩子死亡的父母和一个规范的对照组）的资源和幸福感；(3)研究了不同的人生轨迹和未满足的愿望对父母幸福感的影响；(4)分析了社会和心理资源在中年和早退休时期调节父母适应的程度；(5)研究了中年和早退休时期新经历的非规范育儿事件的影响。本研究将生命历程视角与压力和应对框架的过程和变化模型相结合，以理解与非规范性养育经历相关的终身适应模式。WLS提供了一个前所未有的机会来研究事件发生前招募的样本的非规范性养育的影响，因此不太容易受到自我选择偏见的影响，而自我选择偏见限制了之前的研究。

This research builds on the progress of a small grant and uses the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) to investigate the long-range effects of non-normative parenting. Parents who have either a child with a developmental disability (DD) or schizophrenia, or who have experienced the death of a child, will be compared with respect to the parents' attainment and well-being as they transition from midlife to the early retirement years. Using a new set of screening measures, parents in these groups will be identified in the WLS cohort. Affected WLS parents will be compared with unaffected parents, controlling for differences among the parent groups before the non-normative parenting event took place. The analyses will include within- group assessments of heterogeneity among WLS parents who experienced a non-normative parenting challenge, cross-sectional group comparisons at various points in the life course, and longitudinal analyses of the effects of non-normative parenting experiences on life course trajectories and outcomes. The research questions will (1) investigate how the life course in educational, occupational, marital, and childbearing domains diverges when parents have long-term caregiving responsibilities for a child with DD or schizophrenia, or when they experience the death of a child, (2) contrast the resources and well-being of four groups of parents (those who have a child with DD, schizophrenia, experience the death of a child, and a normative comparison group), (3) examine how divergent life course trajectories and unmet aspirations affect the parents' well- being, (4) analyze the extent to which social and psychological resources moderate parental adaptation during midlife and the early retirement years, and (5) investigate the effects of newly- experienced non-normative parenting events between midlife and the early retirement years. This research integrates the life course perspective with models of process and change from the stress and coping framework to understand life-long patterns of adaptation associated with non-normative parenting experiences. The WLS provides an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of non-normative parenting for a sample that was recruited before the events occurred, and is thus less vulnerable to the self-selection biases that constrained previous research.