Conspiracy Theory, Anti-Semitism, and Anti-Trans Hatred in Far-Right Ideology

我的研究关注当代欧美激进右翼政治中的反“性别意识形态”话语与据称左倾的“性别批判”女权主义运动之间的联系，通过它们与反犹阴谋论形式的相互联系。我将研究如何利用编码的、反犹的阴谋论思维模式来鼓励反跨性别的态度，并动员反对跨性别者的人权；与此同时，对跨性别者的不宽容态度被用来招募人们加入反犹激进右翼，并将围绕性别和性行为、种族和民族的主流态度和情绪转向右翼。主要研究问题：1。反跨性别和反犹太主义的阴谋思想和影响在反“性别意识形态”运动中发挥了什么作用？反跨性别仇恨与反犹太主义的思想和情感模式之间有什么关系？反跨性别仇恨如何可能被用作英国极右翼和非自由政治主流化的工具？实证方法：我将使用批判性话语分析（CDA） （Fairclough, 2010）的方法来分析我的案例研究，但会增加一个额外的情感维度来分析情感与话语交织在一起的方式，以及话语引发政治影响的方式。Boler（2021）在研究种族话语及其对在线平台的影响方面有效地开创了这种方法。CDA将允许我在我的案例研究中识别概念和语言主题，并在更广泛的敌对社会关系和意识形态形成既表达又行动的过程背景下分析它们。CDA允许我接触那些表现为学术的文本，因此需要假设“善意”的论证，以必要的临界距离来理解它们，而不是作为政治文本，嵌入在极右翼极端主义政治运动的生态中。这种分析方法之所以适用于当代反犹太主义、跨性别恐惧症和极右翼意识形态的研究，是因为它致力于一种意识形态理论，这种理论不仅仅是一套在社会话语中自由浮动的思想，而是表达了基于其追随者的社会地位的真实社会过程和对抗的经验（Fairclough, 2010）。至关重要的是，意识形态满足了其追随者的某些认识论和情感需求，这就是它们的力量所在。这对于分析主张社会、科学和历史真理的意识形态尤其重要。建议的案例研究：选择标准：案例研究是激进右翼政治运动的知识产出的一部分，因此我选择的文本是作者和读者特别理解的，因为它们对社会和历史做出了真理主张和批判性和规范性的判断。我对激进右翼运动内部的智力辩论的形式和内容很感兴趣，因此试图分析那些具有更高教育“入门价格”的文本，因此这些文本主要不是用于大众宣传，而是用于已经投入意识形态的辩论。我对这些文本特别感兴趣，因为它们往往包含更极端的意识形态内容，这些内容出现在更主流读者的文本中，这些读者可能会反对他们所读到的更极端的结论。1. 《西方观察家》：一份反犹太的伪科学在线杂志，其中发表了大量关于历史和当代犹太人在跨性别、同性恋和妇女解放运动中的政治参与的新纳粹“学术研究”（Houck, 2017; a . Joyce, 2015, 2016; Langdon, 2019, 2021; Sanderson, 2015 5a, 2015 5b）。斯科特·霍华德的《跨性别工业综合体》

My research concerns the connections between the anti-'gender ideology' discourse in contemporary Euro-American radical right politics and the purportedly left-leaning 'gender critical' feminist movement, through their mutual connection to forms of antisemitic conspiracy theory. I will research how coded, antisemitic conspiratorial modes of thought are used to encourage anti-transgender attitudes and mobilise opposition to the human rights of transgender people; while at the same time, intolerant attitudes towards transgender people are being used as a way both to recruit people into the antisemitic radical right, as well as shift mainstream attitudes and sentiments around gender and sexuality, race, and ethnicity, rightwards. Primary Research Questions: 1. What roles do anti-trans and antisemitic conspiratorial thinking and affect play in the anti-'gender ideology' movement?2. What is relation is there between anti-trans hatred and antisemitic modes of thought and affect?3. How might anti-trans hatred be being used as a vehicle to mainstream far right and illiberal politics in the UK?Empirical methodology: I will analyse my case studies using the methodology of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Fairclough, 2010) but with an additional affective dimension with which to analyse ways in which affect is intertwined with discourse and discourse provokes political affects. Boler (2021) pioneers this approach effectively in the study of racial discourse and effects on online platforms. CDA will allow me to identify conceptual and linguistic themes across my case studies and analyse them within the broader context of antagonistic social relations and processes which ideological formations both express and act within. CDA allows me to engage with texts which present themselves as academic, and as such demand the assumption of 'good-faith' argumentation, with the critical distance necessary to understand them rather as political texts, embedded within an ecology of far-right extremist political movements. What makes this method of analysis apt for the study of contemporary antisemitism, transphobia and far-right ideology is the commitment to a theory of ideology as not simply a set of ideas free-floating in social discourse, but express experiences of real social processes and antagonisms grounded in the social positionality of its adherents (Fairclough, 2010). Crucially, ideologies satisfy certain epistemological and affective needs of their adherents, and this is what gives them their power. This is especially important for the analysis of ideologies which make claims to social, scientific, and historical truth. Proposed Case Studies:Selection Criteria: case studies are to be part of the intellectual output of radical right political movements, as such I am selecting texts which are specifically understood by the authors and audience as making truth-claims and critical and normative judgements about society and history. I am interested in the form and content of the intellectual debate internal to the radical right movements and therefore seek to analyse texts which have a higher educational "price of entry", and which are therefore not intended primarily for use as mass propaganda but for debate within the already ideologically committed. I am interested in these texts in particular as they tend to contain more extreme ideological content which appears in watered down version in texts intended for a more mainstream audience who can be expected to be averse to the more extreme conclusions of what they are reading. 1. The Occidental Observer: an anti-Semitic pseudo-scientific online magazine in which a significant amount of neo-Nazi 'scholarship' is published on the matter of historical and contemporary Jewish political involvement in the trans, gay and women's liberation movements (Houck, 2017; A. Joyce, 2015, 2016; Langdon, 2019, 2021; Sanderson, 2015a, 2015b).2. 'The Transgender-Industrial Complex' by Scott Howar