Concepts and Measures of Race and Ethnic Identities

描述（由申请人提供）：许多国家政策和法律，如减少健康差距和公民权利的执行，都依赖于按种族和族裔对人口的衡量。然而，越来越多的人对美国社会统计中种族和民族数据的可靠性和准确性表示怀疑。拟议的研究将利用2000年人口普查、全国青少年健康纵向调查（Add Health）和华盛顿州高中以上调查的数据，解决影响美国种族和民族身份概念化和测量的一些主要潜在问题。本研究项目的具体目的是：(1)发展单一和多种族身份的类型学，可以通过不同的调查问题、行政记录和感知的种族/民族分类进行系统比较；(2)探索对不同种族和民族身份调查问题的反应模式的变化，包括分析哪些人在回答不同的问题时改变了他们的身份；(3)估计个体种族/民族身份（ies）作为父母血统和外貌（基于照片）的函数的基线模型，并调查该模型的参数如何随家庭背景特征（出生地、家庭语言、社会经济地位）而变化；(4)检验背景、互惠和同伴身份如何影响个体种族选择的假设；(5)估计种族和民族身份在历史时间和早期生活过程中的一致性和变化模式；(6)估计种族/民族边界的不同定义（例如，单一身份与多重身份）对种族和民族在教育愿望和成就方面的差异的影响；(7)发展影响21世纪初美国种族和民族身份的基本原则的理论图式。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Many national policies and laws, such as reducing health disparities and civil rights enforcement, rely on the measurement of the population by race and ethnicity. There are, however, growing doubts about the reliability and accuracy of race and ethnic data in American social statistics. The proposed research will address some of the major underlying issues that influence the conceptualization and measurement of race and ethnic identities in the United States with data from the 2000 Census, the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and the Beyond High School Survey in Washington State. The specific aims of this research project are to: (1) develop a typology of single and multiracial identities that can be systematically compared across different survey questions, administrative records, and perceived race/ethnic classifications, (2) explore variations in the patterns of response to different survey questions on race and ethnic identities, including an analysis of which persons change their identities in response to different questions, (3) estimate a baseline model of individual race/ethnic identity(ies) as a function of parental ancestry and appearance (based on photographs) and to investigate how the parameters of this model vary by family background characteristics (birthplace, home language, socioeconomic status), (4) test hypotheses of how context, reciprocity, and peer identities influence individual ethnic choices, (5) estimate patterns of consistency and change in race and ethnic identities over historical time and the early life course, (6) estimate the impact of different definitions of race/ethnic boundaries (e.g., single vs. multiple identities) on race and ethnic disparities in educational aspirations and attainment, and (7) develop a theoretical schema of the underlying principles that influence race and ethnic identities in early twenty-first century United States.