Children's Exposure to Violence Over Space and Time

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议的研究旨在通过关注儿童在目睹和经历暴力方面的时间和空间变化，以及儿童时期ETV对生命历程的影响，来促进对暴力暴露（ETV）的原因和后果的了解。它将使用芝加哥居民区人类发展项目六年期的三波数据（第一波：1995-1996年，第二波：1998-1999年，第三波：2002-2002年）。PHDCN是一项多水平研究，其中从80个芝加哥社区中选择了7个年龄组的儿童和青年，按种族/民族（包括同质和异质成分）和SES（低，中，高）分层。我们研究选择的队列为第I波时的6、9、12和15个队列（N= 3，323）。四种类型的ETV测量：亲子身体攻击，配偶间的暴力，暴力在社区的主要照顾者和儿童，家庭和朋友自杀。重点儿童和青少年的结果包括情绪和行为问题，学术功能，以及过早过渡到成年。儿童及其家庭和社区的特点将同时考虑。我们的分析计划包括使用多层次模型，这是非常适合嵌套在家庭和社区的儿童，纵向生长曲线和发展轨迹模型，利用多个时间点的数据的研究。该研究有四个主要研究目标：1）在多个分析层次上测量儿童和青少年的ETV（例如，本研究的目的是：（1）探讨儿童和青少年时期ETV的多层次相关因素和原因;（2）探讨ETV在儿童和青少年生活中的一系列并发和纵向后果;（3）探讨ETV对儿童和青少年结果的多层次背景和发展敏感的中介和调节因素。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The proposed study is designed to advance knowledge about the causes and consequences of exposure to violence (ETV) by focusing on temporal and spatial variation among children in witnessing and experiencing violence, and on the implications of childhood ETV over the life course. It will use three waves of data covering a 6-year period from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) (Wave I: 1995-1996, Wave II: 1998-1999, Wave III: 2002-2002). The PHDCN is a multilevel study in which 7 age cohorts of children and youth were selected from 80 Chicago neighborhoods stratified by race/ethnicity (including homogeneous and heterogeneous compositions) and SES (low, medium and high). The cohorts selected for our study were 6, 9, 12, and 15 at Wave I (N=3,323). Four types of ETV are measured: parent-child physical aggression, inter-spousal violence, violence in the community as rated by both primary caregivers and children, and family and friend suicidality. Focal child and youth outcomes include emotional and behavior problems, academic functioning, and premature transitions to adulthood. Characteristics of the children and their families and neighborhoods will be considered simultaneously. Our analytic plan includes the use of multilevel models, which are ideally suited to the study of children nested in families and neighborhoods, and longitudinal growth-curve and developmental trajectory models, which capitalize on data from multiple time points. The study has four main research aims: 1) to measure ETV in childhood and adolescence at multiple levels of analysis (e.g., neighborhood, family, and individual) and dynamically over time; 2) to examine multilevel correlates and causes of ETV in childhood and adolescence; 3) to examine a range of consequences of ETV in children's and adolescents' lives both concurrently and longitudinally; and 4) to examine multilevel contextually and developmentally sensitive mediators and moderators of ETV effects on child and adolescent outcomes.