Stereoscopic Surface Perception

描述（由申请人提供）：视觉系统面临的一个基本问题是从2d视网膜图像中提供有关3d环境的信息。也许最准确的信息来源是两只眼睛有不同的有利位置。这意味着两个视网膜上的图像不相同。视网膜上匹配特征的位置之间的差异是双眼差异，而从这些差异中感知深度的能力是立体视觉。从视差推断三维布局的研究分为两大类：1)从视网膜图像中估计视差；2)估计视差的解释。具体目标1涉及差异估计，具体目标2和3涉及差异解释。在与Specific Aim 1相关的实验和建模中，我们将研究差异估计机制的空间和颜色特性。例如，我们将确定是否使用双筒望远镜匹配算法来提供深度图的分段正面估计，从而获得最高立体分辨率、差异梯度极限以及与亮度相对于彩色刺激的立体灵敏度差异。在这些实验中，我们将改进眼睛的光学，并研究立体视觉的成本和收益。在与Specific Aim 2相关的实验和建模中，我们将研究视差和纹理倾斜信号是否以加权和（用于估计倾斜）和差异（用于评估纹理均匀性）相结合。我们还将研究视差和纹理信号的可靠性变化如何影响这两个过程。在与特定目标3相关的实验中，我们将研究一种广泛经历的感知现象：适应一只眼睛图像水平放大导致的3d扭曲。我们将尝试查明适应机制，并确定受试者是否可以同时适应两种状态。我们还将研究适应一个人的眼睛图像垂直放大。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): A fundamental problem faced by the visual system is providing information about the 3d environment from the 2d retinal images. Perhaps the most precise source of information arises from the fact that the two eyes have different vantage points. This means that images on the two retinae are not identical. The differences between the locations of matching features on the retinae are binocular disparities and the ability to perceive depth from these disparities is stereopsis. Investigations of inferring 3d layout from disparity fall into two general categories: 1) the estimation of disparity from the retinal images and 2) the interpretation of the estimated disparity. Specific Aim 1 concerns disparity estimation and Specific Aims 2 and 3 concern disparity interpretation. In the experiments and modeling associated with Specific Aim 1, we will examine the spatial and chromatic properties of disparity-estimating mechanisms. We will, for example, determine whether the highest stereo resolution, the disparity-gradient limit, and the difference in stereo sensitivity with luminance as opposed to chromatic stimuli result from using a binocular-matching algorithm that provides piecewise-frontal estimates of the depth map. In some of these experiments, we will improve the optics of the eye and investigate the costs and benefits to stereovision. In the experiments and modeling associated with Specific Aim 2, we will investigate whether disparity and texture slants signals are combined in a weighted sum (for estimating slant) and a difference (for assessing texture homogeneity). We will also examine how changes in the reliability of disparity and texture signals affect these two processes. In the experiments associated with Specific Aim 3, we will study a widely experienced perceptual phenomenon: adaptation to the 3d distortions that result from horizontal magnification of one eye's image. We will try to pinpoint the adaptation mechanism and to determine whether subjects can adapt to two states simultaneously. We will also examine adaptation to a vertical magnification of one's eye image.