Prenatal Drug Exposure: Effects on Adolescent Brain and Behavioral Development

描述(由申请人提供)： 这项应用将以前在低收入城市非裔美国儿童中资助的调查扩展到青春期的纵向跟踪。试验组(高暴露或低暴露)产前暴露于可卡因，由分娩时的毒理学测试记录。一个对照组由来自同一社区的未接触过的匹配样本组成。此翻译应用程序分为两个阶段。第一阶段通过注意力、记忆力和执行功能的神经心理学测量来评估产前物质暴露与青春期大脑近端功能的关系；通过功能磁共振成像测量工作记忆和对风险和奖励评估的反应的神经相关性；以及唾液皮质醇的昼夜节律。由于产前物质暴露通常发生在环境挑战(贫困、持续的药物使用和护理中断)的背景下，应用程序将检查产前物质暴露的影响是否受到环境因素的影响。在第二阶段，该应用程序将研究产前物质暴露如何通过学习成绩、社会情感发展和早期吸毒(大麻)与青少年的远端功能相关。通过唾液皮质醇测量的对急性挑战的反应将被用来了解青少年适应环境压力的能力，并最终了解他们对早期药物使用的适应能力或脆弱性。该应用程序将检查产前暴露于远端行为的物质与远端行为的关系是直接的还是通过近端大脑功能调节的。以发展生态学理论为指导，采用多方法、多信息者策略，包括来自青少年、照顾者和教师的报告；神经心理、学业和社会情绪表现的标准化测量；大脑成像；以及压力反应的生物标记物(唾液皮质醇)和药物使用(头发和尿液)。 这个应用程序检查了产前接触可卡因和/或海洛因的青少年的学习成绩、社会情绪功能和药物使用情况。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This application extends a previously funded investigation among low-income, urban African American children through longitudinal follow-up into adolescence. The Experimental Group (High or Low Exposure) was prenatally exposed to cocaine, documented by toxicology tests at delivery. A comparison group was comprised of an unexposed matched sample of children from the same community. This translational application has two phases. The first phase examines how prenatal substance exposure is related to proximal brain functioning during adolescence, assessed through neuropsychological measures of attention, memory, and executive functioning; the neural correlates of working memory and response to risk and reward evaluation measured by fMRI; and diurnal rhythms of salivary cortisol. Because prenatal substance exposure often occurs in the context of environmental challenges (poverty, ongoing drug use, and disruptions in care), the application will examine whether the effects of prenatal substance exposure are moderated by environmental factors. In the second phase, the application will examine how prenatal substance exposure is related to adolescents' distal functioning via academic performance, socio-emotional development, and early drug use (marijuana). Response to acute challenges, measured by salivary cortisol, will be used to understand the adolescents' ability to adapt to environmental pressures and ultimately their resilience or vulnerability to early drug use. The application will examine whether the relationship from prenatal substance exposure to distal behavior is direct or mediated through proximal brain functioning. With developmental-ecological theory as a guide, a multi-method, multi-informant strategy is used, incorporating reports from adolescents, caregivers, and teachers; standardized measures of neuropsychological, academic, and socio-emotional performance; brain imaging; and biomarkers of the stress response (salivary cortisol) and drug use (hair and urine). This application examines academic performance, socio-emotional functioning, and drug use among adolescents exposed to cocaine and/or heroin prenatally.