Roman and Late Antique Mosaics of Crete: long term continuity and change

克里特岛中部和东部的罗马和晚期古代马赛克语料库的首次出版将为马赛克研究提供一种新颖的方法，并为呈现东部省社会的历时性观点提供一种创新的方法。提供了马赛克的完整图像细节，并配有很好的插图，图形，平面图和地图。在克里特岛和罗马研究的进步背景下，特别是在全球化理论的应用中，很明显，需要从一系列角度（地方和中心）对该岛进行历时分析，以扭转“缓慢的决定论”，这种决定论将罗马和晚期古克里特岛作为一个省的死角传播。因此，很明显，对马赛克的研究可以提供在帝国背景下评估克里特岛性质的另一种方法。引言提供了克里特岛的背景；一个简短的总结建立了历史框架，建立在桑德斯1982年出版的书中已经详细描述的基础上。对克里特岛地形的概述使读者能够熟悉克里特岛的景观，以及为什么会有如此多的结果被纳入帝国的原因。提出了术语问题的讨论，并概述了全球化理论在罗马研究中的应用，表明了应用在实现对罗马和晚期古克里特岛多样性的现实理解方面是多么相关。这使得方法学目标变得清晰。马赛克目录作为主要的研究材料包括在正文中。完整的图像，时间顺序，上下文和出版细节给出，因此语料库将填补空白在地中海马赛克研究迄今为止。第3章至第4章展示了马赛克的图像和背景分析，包括马赛克，而第5章至第7章侧重于证据的应用，以建立一个新的解释（空间功能，工匠和更广泛的背景）。对马赛克的日期、分布和图像的分析将表明，马赛克的波动风格、位置和密度表明，随着罗马克里特岛在东罗马帝国的地位上升，她的社会性质发生了微妙的变化。城市之间、城乡景观之间以及随着时间的推移的多样性反映在对马赛克的分析中；公元1世纪城市占领的差异，公元2世纪与东罗马帝国交流的增加，公元3世纪重心从南方转移到北方，这些都反映在马赛克上。对晚期古代克里特岛缺乏学术讨论，导致人们错误地认为克里特岛自4世纪以来一直在衰落。晚期古代马赛克的加入将强调这个岛屿在这一时期的重要性，并表明与普遍看法相反，这个岛屿不仅蓬勃发展，而且巡回马赛克画家的证据表明，她在东帝国的通信网络中发挥了关键作用。最后，考虑到全球化的观点，详细探索了马赛克的证据，有可能从不同于规范的角度来研究克里特岛；马赛克的多样性表明，虽然克里特岛是帝国重要的经济组成部分，但也有一些地区，如克诺索斯，强烈希望保持内部的文化认同。此外，通过将物质文化置于地中海的背景下，很明显，克里特岛的文化发展可以被视为与罗马和帝国相关，而不是属于罗马文化适应的包容过程。由此产生的从希腊化到古晚期的历时研究，将为了解克里特岛成为罗马帝国一部分后城市和农村社会的转变提供急需的见解。

The first time publication of the corpus of Roman and Late Antique mosaics of Central and East Crete will provide an original approach to the study of mosaics and an innovative method of presenting a diachronic view of provincial society in the East. Full iconographic details of the mosaics are provided and it is well illustrated with plates, figures, plans and maps. In the context of progress both within Crete and within Roman studies in general, particularly in light of the application of globalization theory, it is clear that a diachronic analysis of the island from a range of perspectives (local and centre) is needed in order to reverse the 'creeping determinism' that has propagated the idea of Roman and Late Antique Crete as a provincial dead end. As such it is apparent that a study of mosaics can provide an alternative means of assessing the nature of Crete within the context of the Empire. The introduction provides the Cretan context; a brief summary establishes the historical framework, building on that already detailed in Sanders' 1982 publication. The overview of the topography of the island allows the reader to become familiar with the landscapes of Crete and the reasons why such multiplicity of consequences to inclusion in the Empire could exist. Discussions of issues of terminology are presented and an overview of the application of globalization theory to Roman studies shows how pertinent the application is in achieving a realistic understanding of the diversity of Roman and Late Antique Crete. This allows the methodological aims to be clear. The catalogue of mosaics is included in the main text as the primary research material. Full iconographic, chronological, contextual and publication details are given and as such the corpus will fill a void in Mediterranean mosaic studies to date. Chapters 3 to 4 present the iconographic and contextual analysis of the mosaics, including the mosaics while Chapters 5 to 7 focus on the application of the evidence to building a new interpretation (function of space, craftspeople and broader context). An analysis of the date, distribution and iconography of mosaics will show that the fluctuating styles, locations and density of mosaics indicate subtle changes in the nature of society of Roman Crete as she grew into her position in the Eastern Roman Empire. Diversity between cities, between the urban and rural landscapes and over time are reflected in the analysis of mosaics; differences in occupations of cities in the 1st century, increasing communication with the Eastern Empire in the 2nd century and shift in focus from the south to the north in the 3rd century is reflected in mosaics. The lack of scholarly discussion on Late Antique Crete has lead to false perceptions of a society in decline from the 4th century. The inclusion of the Late Antique mosaics will emphasis the importance of the island during the period and show contrary to common belief, that the island was not only booming but the evidence of itinerant mosaicists suggests that she played a pivotal role in the communication network of the Eastern Empire.Finally, having explored the evidence of the mosaics in detail with perceptions of globalization in mind, it is possible to approach the study of Crete from a different perspective to the norm; the variety in mosaics will show that while Crete was an important economic part of the Empire but that there were areas, such as Knossos, that had a strong desire to maintain the cultural identity within. Furthermore, by placing the material culture in the Mediterranean context, it will be clear that cultural developments in Crete can be viewed as relative to Rome and the Empire, rather than falling under a subsuming process of Roman acculturation. The resulting diachronic study from Hellenistic to Late Antique will present a much needed insight into the transformations with Cretan society, both urban and rural when the island becomes part of the Roman Empire.