Emotions and Feelings in Psychiatric Illness

最近，哲学家们对情绪的兴趣重新抬头，这与心理学和神经科学中关于情绪的研究的爆炸性增长是平行的。情绪在精神疾病中所起的作用也取得了很大的进展。然而，关于情感的跨学科研究很少。最近的一些哲学工作受到心理学家和神经学家的发现的启发和启发。然而，这项工作中相对较少的细节研究了情绪的精神病态。一些研究情绪的心理学家和神经学家一直在从哲学家那里汲取思想和概念框架。但精神病学家和哲学家之间在这个话题上的互动很少。关于情绪的跨学科工作对所有相关人员都非常有益，并使人们更好地理解了情绪的本质。此外，还建立了一个在一定程度上共享的概念剧目。已经讨论的问题包括感觉和情绪之间的关系，涉及情绪的身体过程，情绪的功能以及情绪的认知和非认知维度之间的关系。尽管进行了卓有成效的跨学科交流，但不同学科的研究人员之间仍然存在许多分歧，关于情绪的性质和作用还有很多需要了解的地方。例如，哲学和心理学都有一个很强的传统，强调情绪的认知方面，而神经科学最近的研究强调了一种情绪概念，将更重要的意义归因于身体的情感反应。然而，最近的精神病学研究表明，身体感觉不仅仅是对身体状态的感知；它们也是包括人在内的身体外实体体验的组成部分。关于这些不同术语的含义也存在一些争论，不同的研究人员有时会以不同的方式使用它们。例如，当哲学家谈论“认知”和“感觉”时，心理学家倾向于提到“评价”和“情感”。一项对精神病学文献的调查表明，情绪具有各种各样的作用，而哲学家和心理学家还没有充分考虑到这些作用。例如，情绪在识别熟悉的人方面起着作用，给我们一种他人是人的感觉，提供一种现实和熟悉的感觉，构成一种自我意识和自我/非我的边界，根据实际目的组织我们的经验，并组织我们的思维。精神病学也将从与哲学家和心理学家的进一步互动中受益，因为精神病学文献中缺乏关于情绪实际是什么的清楚。因此，哲学家和心理学家积累的分析工具、概念、方法和经验数据构成了一个宝贵的资源，用于澄清和完善精神病学的经验主张。因此，研究人员提出了一系列研讨会，包括哲学家、心理学家和精神病学家，这些研讨会将促进新的对话，导致重要的原创研究出版物，并作为持久研究网络的基础。我们项目的前提是，通过哲学家、精神病学家和心理学家之间的更大合作，正在进行的跨学科研究的发展机构将得到显著加强。具体地说，拟议的跨学科项目旨在为情感和感觉的性质和作用带来新的曙光。要考查的问题包括：什么是情绪？什么是情感？病理性情感的研究如何才能阐明“正常”情感的本质，反之亦然？身体感觉和情绪状态之间有什么关系？我们是如何以及何时意识到自己的情绪的？我们能在多大程度上控制自己的情绪，以及如何控制？别人的情绪如何影响我们自己的情绪？

A recent resurgence of interest in emotion amongst philosophers has paralleled the explosion of work on emotions in psychology and neuroscience. Great advances have also been made regarding the part played by emotion in psychiatric illnesses. However, there is a paucity of interdisciplinary work on emotion. Some recent philosophical work has been informed and inspired by the findings of psychologists and neuroscientists. Yet relatively little of this work has considered psychopathologies of emotion in any detail. Some psychologists and neuroscientists studying emotion have been drawing ideas and conceptual frameworks from philosophers. But there has been little interaction between psychiatrists and philosophers on this topic.Interdisciplinary work on emotion has been enormously beneficial to all concerned and has led to greater understanding of the nature of emotions. In addition, a conceptual repertoire has been constructed that is to a certain extent shared. Issues that have been addressed include the relationship between feeling and emotion, the bodily processes involved in emotion, the functions of emotion and the relationship between cognitive and non-cognitive dimensions of emotion. Despite these fruitful interdisciplinary exchanges, there are still many disagreements between researchers in the different disciplines and there is much to be learned about the nature and roles of emotion. For example, there is a strong tradition in both philosophy and psychology that emphasises the cognitive aspects of emotion, whilst recent work in neuroscience emphasises a conception of emotion that ascribes greater significance to bodily, affective responses. However, recent work in psychiatry indicates that bodily feelings are not merely perceptions of bodily states; they are also integral to experiences of entities outside of the body, including people. There is also some debate as to what is meant by these various terms, and different researchers sometimes use them in different ways. Whilst philosophers speak of 'cognition' and 'feeling', for example, psychologists tend to refer to 'appraisal' and 'affect'.A survey of the psychiatric literature suggests emotions have all sorts of roles that have not been adequately addressed by philosophers and psychologists. For example, emotions play a role in the recognition of familiar people, give us a sense of others as 'people', provide a sense of reality and familiarity, constitute both a sense of self and the self/non-self boundary, organise our experience in terms of practical purposes and structure our thinking. Psychiatry will also benefit from further interaction with philosophers and psychologists, for there is a lack of clarity in the psychiatric literature as to what emotions actually are. Hence the analytic tools, concepts, methods and empirical data accumulated by philosophers and psychologists comprise a valuable resource for conceptual clarification and refinement of empirical claims in psychiatry.Thus the investigators propose a series of workshops, involving philosophers, psychologists and psychiatrists, which will foster fresh dialogue, lead to significant and original research publications and serve as the basis for an enduring research network. The premise of our project is that the developing body of ongoing interdisciplinary research will be enhanced considerably by greater collaboration between philosophers, psychiatrists, and psychologists. Specifically, the proposed interdisciplinary project aims to cast new light on the nature and role of emotion and feeling. Questions to be examined include: What are emotions? What are emotional feelings? How can the study of pathological feelings elucidate the nature of 'normal' feelings and vice versa? What is the relationship between bodily feelings and emotional states? How and when do we become aware of our emotions? To what extent can we control our emotions, and how? How do others' emotions affect our own?