Heritable and Social-Environment Risks for Substance Use

预防项目中的效果调节与中介 虽然基于社会影响的学校和社区烟草和药物滥用预防计划产生了最大的预防效果累积证据，但其效果并不一致。造成这种不一致的一个可能原因是效果适度，一些年轻人的内在或外在因素使他们对干预措施难以抗拒。在USC TTURC的前4年，我们进行了2次纵向试验测试 在加州南部和中国中部的各种文化背景下的社会影响预防项目中，我们发现在这两个国家中存在性格属性调节效应的证据，例如在敌意或抑郁方面得分高的青少年在项目后1年和2年的吸烟率下降，但得分低的青少年没有。在加州，我们还发现了社会背景的调节效应，一个包含集体主义内容的广告 (act为了他人的利益），有效地减少吸烟在同质的西班牙裔学校，但不是在多文化的学校，和一个程序与个人主义的方法（照顾自己）vJorking在多文化的学校，但不是同质的西班牙裔学校。我们提出了一个模型，性格表型与社会背景（程序）相互作用，以改变预防编程的反应，并通过涉及认知，情感和动机唤醒的调解途径来实现这一点。同样，我们提出环境X环境的相互作用，使环境的功能呈现一个或多或少接受预防计划。人群中的社会文化和性格差异可能是预防计划效果不一致的原因。我们提出三个研究：1）定量分析性格属性对效果的中介作用和文化语境对效果的中介作用 在先前在不同文化、区域和国际环境中进行的4项试验中，2）严格开发更好的表型和社会文化措施，以更好地评估效果调节和调解。3)一项试点试验，旨在复制性格调节效应，并通过高强度干预，通过接触其他顽固青年来消除这种效应。项目3将对以前的一项试验进行基因型评估，以与本项目中的表型分析进行比较。

Effect Moderation and Mediation in Prevention Programs While school and community based tobacco and drug abuse prevention programs based on social influences have produced the greatest cumulative evidence for prevention effectiveness, their effects are inconsistent. One possible cause of this inconsistency is effect moderation such that factors either intrinsic or extrinsic to some young people make them refractory to the interventions. In the first 4 years of the USC TTURC we carried out 2 longitudinal trials testing social influences prevention programs in a wide variety of cultural contexts in southern California and central China.We found evidence in both countries for a dispositional attribute moderator effect such that youth scoring high on hostility or depression experienced reductions in smoking measured 1 and 2 years post program, but those scoring low did not. In California we also found a moderator effect for social context, with a progam containing collectivist content (act for the good of others) effectively reducing smoking in homogeneous Hispanic schools but not in multi-cultural schools, and a program with an individualist approach (look after yourself) vJorking in multi-cultural schools but not homogeneous Hispanic schools. We propose a model whereby dispositional phenotypes interact with social context (programs) to alter response to prevention programming, and do so by working through mediation pathways involving cognitive, affective, and motivational arousal. Likewise we propose environment X environment interactions such that features of environment render one more or less receptive to a prevention program. Socio-cultural and dispositionai variations in populations might account for many of the inconsistencies in prevention program effects. We propose 3 studies: 1) a quantitative analysis of effect mediation by dispositional attributes and effect mediation by cultural context in 4 trials previously carried out in diverse cultural, regional, and international settings, 2) rigorous development of better phenotype an socio-cultural measures to better assess effect moderation and mediation. 3) a pilot trial designed to replicate the dispositional moderation effect and, through high intensity interventions negate, the effect by reaching otherwise refractory youth. Project 3 will do program by genotype assessments on one of the previous trials for comparison with program by phenotype analyses in this project.