Parental Involvement, Extra-Familial Contexts and Prevention of Drug Use Risk.

描述(由申请人提供)：父母的参与已被证明是儿童和青春期儿童行为问题(CP)和药物使用风险的有力预测因素，但相对较少的人关注父母参与在向学龄期过渡期间与儿童问题行为有关的作用，因为当儿童在学校、课后照料环境和社区中花费更多时间时。与此同时，随着儿童从学龄前过渡到学龄儿童，有证据表明，学校的质量和组织、课后照料和社区在儿童CP和药物使用风险的出现中发挥着越来越重要的作用。具体地说，我们将探讨：1)学校环境、课后照料和社区的质量与早期儿童CP的出现有多大程度的关联；2)父母在幼儿和学龄前阶段的参与如何与早期家庭外环境中的父母参与和监督有关；3)父母对学校、课后照料和社区的参与如何调节家庭外因素和儿童CP之间的关系；4)父母干预是否能增加父母在学校、课后照料和社区环境中的参与度，降低儿童随后发生脑瘫的风险。这些问题将通过来自城市、郊区和农村的731名不同种族儿童的现有样本进行测试。由于研究中的所有家庭都是基于社会人口、家庭和儿童风险因素的存在而招募的，因此儿童队列显示出具有临床意义的CP和药物使用风险的持续轨迹的风险很高。因此，这项研究有可能填补一个亟需的空白，即家庭外环境与早期开始CP的风险和学龄儿童早期问题行为之间的关联。同样重要的是，这项研究可以提供有关参与育儿的潜在缓和影响的数据，它对面临多重逆境的家庭的可塑性，以及基于家庭的干预是否能对面临多重逆境的儿童产生影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Parental involvement has been shown to be a robust predictor of child conduct problems (CP) and drug use risk in childhood and adolescence, but relatively little attention has been paid to the role of parental involvement in relation to child problem behavior during the transition to school-age, when children are spending more time in school, after-care settings, and in the neighborhood. Concomitantly, as children transition from preschool to school-age, there is evidence to suggest that the quality and organization of schools, after-school care, and neighborhoods play an increasingly important role in the emergence of children's CP and drug use risk. Specifically, we will address: 1) the extent to which the quality of school environments, after-school care, and neighborhoods are associated with the emergence of CP during the early school-age period; 2) how parental involvement in the toddler and preschool period may be associated with parental involvement and monitoring in extra-familial contexts in the early school-age years; 3) how parental involvement in schools, after-care, and the neighborhood, may moderate relationships between extra-familial factors and children's CP; and 4) whether a parenting intervention can increase parental involvement in school, after-care, and neighborhood contexts and decrease risk of children's subsequent CP. These issues will be tested with an existing sample of 731 ethnically-diverse children from urban, suburban, and rural sites. As all families in the study were recruited based on the presence of socio-demographic, family, and child risk factors, the cohort of children are at high risk for displaying a persistent trajectory of clinically-meaningful CP and drug use risk. Thus, the study has the potential to fill a much-needed void on associations between extra-familial contexts and risk for early-starting CP and later problem behaviors during the early school-age years. Equally critical, the study can provide data on the potential moderating influence of involved parenting, its malleability for families facing multiple adversities, and whether family-based interventions can make a difference for children facing multiple adversities.