Integrating contextual, proximal, and individual risks for child conduct problems

描述(由申请人提供)：研究证实，多层次的病因风险，包括个人遗传风险、最近的环境经历(例如，父母和家庭关系特征)和邻里环境(例如，邻里劣势、社会组织和暴露于社区暴力)影响儿童行为问题的发展(CP；包括可诊断的和低于阈值的行为障碍的攻击性和违反规则的行为)。然而，到目前为止，我们几乎没有洞察到遗传风险和背景风险对儿童脑瘫的相互作用，或者最近的风险在这种关系中可能扮演的角色。目前的申请概述了一种新颖而独特的研究设计，旨在做到这一点。特别是，我们将抽样500个中低收入双胞胎儿童家庭，这些家庭居住在一系列不利的邻里环境中(即从中度不利到极端不利)。这种“高危”双胞胎抽样策略在背景风险研究方面比目前的流行病学双胞胎研究有了很大的进步，因为这种样本包含的高危家庭相对较少。因此，现有的双胞胎研究通常不能有意义地探索背景风险作为儿童结局的病因学调节因素的作用。然后，我们将通过一系列深入的评估来加强我们的创新抽样方法，其中包括对双胞胎和父母的心理和行为特征的全面评估，录像的亲子和家庭互动，评估暴露在社区暴力中的采访，双胞胎老师填写的问卷，以及对家庭邻里关系的人口普查跟踪。我们还将收集(无关的)邻里线人样本，报告每个家庭邻里的社会组织和犯罪情况。然后，最先进的行为遗传学分析将研究背景风险因素，无论是单独的还是与近端风险因素结合在一起，如何使儿童CP的遗传倾向适度。这一创新的抽样和设计策略将使我们第一次有意义地整合被认为是儿童CP发展基础的遗传、近端和背景风险因素，并因此有可能显著提高我们对儿童行为问题根源的理解。 公共卫生相关性：这项拟议的研究旨在确定邻里环境风险(单独和与更接近的风险结合)如何缓和儿童脑瘫的遗传风险。这些发现最终应该成为旨在改善儿童脑瘫的个性化干预措施的依据。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Research has confirmed that multiple layers of etiological risk, including individual genetic risk, proximal environmental experiences (e.g., parenting and family relationship characteristics), and neighborhood context (e.g., neighborhood disadvantage, social organization, and exposure to community violence), influence the development of children's conduct problems (CP; aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors comprising diagnosable and sub-threshold Conduct Disorder). To date, however, we little insight into the interplay between genetic and contextual risks for child CP, or the role that proximal risks may play in this relationship. The current application outlines a novel and unique research design intended to do just this. In particular, we will sample 500 middle-to-low income child twin families that reside in one of a range of disadvantaged neighborhood contexts (i.e., from moderately to extremely disadvantaged). This "at-risk" twin sampling strategy constitutes a significant advance over current epidemiological twin studies in regards to studies of contextual risk, as such samples contain relatively few at-risk families. As a result, extant twin studies are typically unable to meaningfully explore the role of contextual risk as an etiological moderator of child outcome. We will then augment our innovative sampling approach with an in-depth assessment battery that includes comprehensive assessments of the twins' and the parents' psychological and behavioral profiles, videotaped parent-child and family interactions, interviews assessing exposure to community violence, questionnaires completed by the twins' teachers, and census tracking of the family's neighborhood. We will also collect an (unrelated) neighborhood informant sample to report on social organization and crime in each family's neighborhood. State-of-the-art behavioral genetic analyses will then examine both how contextual risk factors, both alone and in combination with proximal risk factors, moderate genetic predispositions for child CP. This innovative sampling and design strategy will allow us to meaningfully integrate, for the first time, the genetic, proximal, and contextual risk factors thought to underlie the development of child CP, and accordingly, has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of the origins of child conduct problems. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The proposed study intends to establish how neighborhood contextual risk (both alone and in combination with more proximal risks) moderates genetic risk for child CP. Such findings should ultimately inform individually-tailored interventions aimed at the amelioration of child CP.