Survey Measures of Subjective Well-being: Age, Appraisal, and Cognition Effects

描述(申请人提供)：随着政策制定者寻找指数来补充现有的以人口为基础的经济指标，人们对评估人们对自己生活环境的想法和感受的兴趣重新燃起。在这种背景下，研究人员正在重新考虑从生活和领域满意度等传统的全球(或评估)幸福感衡量标准中获得的信息，并正在创造新的衡量标准，以捕捉日常生活中的享乐体验。例如，Kahneman和他的同事(2004)开发了一种日子重建方法(DRM)，它将对情感体验的评估与昨天活动的详细时间日记结合在一起。DRM提供不同于全球幸福感报告的在线体验信息。我们的研究将解决在对老年人的大型调查中纳入类似DRM的措施的几个实际和概念障碍。一个实际的障碍是DRM的40-75分钟长度。在与健康和退休研究(HRS)相关的研究中，关于保留有限的DRM特征的简短10-15分钟措施的试点工作已经开始。然而，调查措施的目标时长是3-5分钟。我们目前还不知道一个简短、可靠和有效的体验幸福感调查指数所需的最低特征。此外，我们缺乏关于认知老化对经验幸福感测量的影响的信息，我们也不知道评估性幸福感和经验性幸福感是否与以后的健康有明显的联系。我们采取多管齐下的方法。首先，我们将HRS的调查结果与收入动态小组研究(PSID)、美国时间使用调查(ATUS)的新幸福感模块和美国生活小组(ALP)的DRM收集的DRM数据进行了比较。这些二次分析将回答以下问题：1)对细粒度DRM测量与简单DRM测量的反应的质量和可比性；2)评估和体验的幸福感与健康的独特相关性和预测性；以及3)与生命周期(中年、年轻、老年)、退休状况和个人特征(如非病理性认知下降和个性)有关的差异。我们用一系列焦点小组和实验研究来补充这些分析，以检验年龄差异对情景记忆和情绪体验偏好的影响。两项研究将调查有望支持或干扰对最近经历的在线(情节)记忆的测量特征。我们将根据时间来比较重现昨天的指令的效果，与重复询问感觉的活动和反应性进行比较。其他研究将检验年龄差异，从一天到另一天的活动和时间的回忆的准确性，以及对享乐主义和非享乐主义感觉的记忆。我们还将收集中老年人对日常活动的效价、努力和影响的评分。我们的总体目标是为主观幸福感的简约但全面的调查措施建立标准。所获得的信息将有助于在对老年人的大型调查中对幸福感的评估，以及我们对晚年生活质量的理解。 公共卫生相关性：该项目将利用健康和退休研究和收入动态小组研究的数据、具有全国代表性的50岁以上人口纵向研究以及其他调查小组和一系列有针对性的实验，审查与衡量老年人的评估和体验幸福感相关的问题。我们预计，幸福感的不同组成部分与残疾、免疫功能、心血管疾病、大脑功能和长寿有着独特的联系。我们将开发一种适用于大型多学科调查的优化、简约的经验幸福感衡量标准，以便研究人口幸福感和处于危险中的亚群的趋势。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): As policy makers search for indices to complement existing population-based economic markers, interest has revived in ways to assess how people think and feel about their life circumstances. In this context, researchers are reconsidering the information gained from traditional global (or evaluative) measures of well-being such as life and domain satisfaction and are creating new measures to capture hedonic experience in daily life. Kahneman and colleagues (2004), for example, developed a Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) that integrates the assessment of affective experience with a detailed time diary of yesterday's activities. The DRM provides on-line information about experience that is distinct from global reports of well-being. Our studies will address several practical and conceptual barriers to the inclusion of a DRM-like measure in large surveys of older adults. One practical barrier is the 40-75 minute length of the DRM. Pilot work on brief 10-15 minute measures that retain a limited set of DRM-features has begun in studies associated with the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The target length of a survey measure, however, is 3-5 minutes. We currently don't know the minimum features necessary for a short reliable and valid survey index of experienced well-being. Furthermore, we lack information about the impact of cognitive aging on the measurement of experienced well- being and we do not know if evaluative and experienced well-being have distinctive associations with health in later life. We use a multipronged approach. To begin, we compare HRS findings with DRM data collected in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the American Time Use Survey's (ATUS) new well-being module, and the American Life Panel's (ALP) DRM. These secondary analyses will answer questions about: 1) the quality and comparability of responses to the fine-grained versus brief DRM measures; 2) unique correlative and predictive associations of evaluated and experienced well-being with health; and 3) differences related to life period (midlife, young old, oldest old), retirement status, and individual characteristics such as non- pathological cognitive decline and personality. We supplement these analyses with a series of focus group and experimental studies to examine the implications of age differences in episodic memory and preferences for emotional experience. Two studies will investigate measurement features expected to support or interfere with on-line (episodic) memory of recent experiences. We will compare the effects of instructions to reconstruct yesterday by time versus activities and reactivity to repeated questioning about feelings. Other studies will examine age differences in the recall accuracy of activities and time from one day to the next and memory for hedonic and non-hedonic feelings. We will also collect middle-aged and older adults' ratings of the valence, effort, and affect associated with daily activities. Our overall objective is to establish criteria for parsimonious- but-comprehensive survey measures of subjective well-being. The information obtained will advance assessment of well-being in large surveys of older adults and our understanding of life quality in late life. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Using data from the Health and Retirement Study and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, nationally representative longitudinal studies of the population over 50 in addition to other survey panels and a series of targeted experiments, this project will examine issues related to measuring evaluated and experience well- being in large surveys of older adults. We expect that the different components of well-being are uniquely linked to disability, immune functioning, cardiovascular illness, brain functioning, and longevity. We will develop an optimized, parsimonious measure of experienced well-being suitable for large multidisciplinary surveys so that population trends in well-being and subgroups at risk can be studied.