Development, Ecology, and Prevention of Adult Addictive Behavior

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议修订的申请将继续对999名多种族成年人的样本进行纵向评估，这些成年人的年龄从11-12岁到23-24岁。评估包括对18-19岁青少年进行CIDI诊断性访谈和对青少年家庭和同伴互动的编码录像观察。样本被随机分配到青少年家庭检查模式中，该模式对吸毒、反社会行为、抑郁和学业成绩产生了长期影响。建议在26- 27岁期间进行随访评估，包括对上瘾行为和精神病理学的CIDI诊断访谈，对高投资与低投资活动的时间分配，同伴网络，自我调节和唾液样本中的DNA收集。本文提出了三种基因分型方法，包括候选基因、基因家族和一组正在研究成瘾行为分子遗传学的研究人员探索的新基因。这些数据将用于解决以下假设：(a)被破坏的自我调节假设，即成人问题行为，特别是成瘾行为，是整体适应模式的一部分，其特征是对家庭关系和其他成人里程碑的低投资策略，对自我调节的要求较低；(b)基因调节假说，表明不良的父母监控和不正常的同伴接触对青少年使用AOD和其他问题行为的影响在基因脆弱的青少年中最为明显；(c)风险延展性假说，该假说认为早期的环境风险是可以改变的，而且这些影响对基因易感的年轻人尤其明显。要检验所有三组假设，需要对从青春期早期到26-27岁的纵向数据进行检验，并使用各种先进的分析策略，包括轨迹分析、潜在剖面分析、潜在增长模型和用于检验家庭检查对风险暴露影响的汇编平均因果效应模型。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The proposed revised application would continue research on a sample of 999 multiethnic adults who were longitudinally assessed from ages 11-12 to 23-24. Assessment included a CIDI diagnostic interview at age 18-19 and coded videotaped observations of adolescent family and peer interactions. The sample was individually randomized to the Family Check-Up model in adolescence, which yielded long-term effects on drug use, antisocial behavior, depression, and academic success. The proposed follow-up assessment at age 26- 27 would include the CIDI diagnostic interview on addictive behavior and psychopathology, time allocation to high- versus low-investment activities, peer network, self-regulation, and the collection of DNA in saliva samples. Three approaches to genotyping are proposed, including candidate gene, gene family, and novel gene exploration by a team of investigators currently studying the molecular genetics of addictive behavior. These data will be used to address the following hypotheses: (a) the disrupted self-regulation hypothesis, that adult problem behavior generally and addictive behavior specifically are part of an overall pattern of adaptation that is characterized by a low-investment strategy in respect to family relationships and other adult milestones, with low demands on self-regulation; (b) the genetic moderation hypothesis, indicating that the effects of poor parental monitoring and deviant peer exposure on progressions in AOD use and other problem behaviors are most pronounced for youth who are genetically vulnerable; and (c) the risk malleability hypothesis, which proposes that early environmental risk can be modified and that these effects are especially pronounced for genetically prone youth. Testing of all 3 sets of hypotheses requires examination of longitudinal data from early adolescence through age 26-27 that uses a variety of advanced analytic strategies, including trajectory analyses, latent profile analysis, latent growth modeling, and complier average causal effect modeling for examining the effects of the Family Check-Up on risk exposure. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This application proposes a follow-up assessment at age 26-27 of 999 multiethnic, urban youth who had been involved in a longitudinal randomized controlled prevention trial of a family-centered intervention beginning at age 11, which will include strong measurement of the parenting and peer environment and genetic vulnerability. The study proposes to consider the joint role of genetic and environmental factors on the progression of adult AOD use, antisocial and high-risk sexual behavior, and the response of identified risk processes to family intervention. The research will lead to a better understanding of the risk and protective mechanisms, malleability of those mechanisms, and the design of more precise and innovative strategies for prevention and treatment of adult AOD and other problem behaviors.