Detection Of Drugs Of Abuse In Alternative Biological Fluids And Tissues

对尿液、口腔液、汗液和毛发等生物样本进行药物检测，是诊断药物使用和监测治疗对象的客观手段。传统上，一直使用尿液检测，但这项技术有局限性。在一系列正在进行的研究中，评估了各种替代生物液体和组织在监测药物滥用个人模式方面的有用性。临床研究旨在确定人类受试者接受单次和多次滥用药物给药后，尿液、血浆、口腔液、汗液、皮肤、皮脂、指甲、脐带血和毛发中药物和代谢物排泄的特性、浓度、时间过程、剂量依赖性和变异性。每个生物标本似乎都是独特的，并提供了一个随着时间的推移药物使用的信息有些不同的模式。例如，毛发测试提供了检测可能在几个月内发生的药物使用的可能性，并可用于监测长期治疗中的个人和流行率研究。相比之下，口服液提供了药物暴露的短期测量，其可能与血液中的某些药物浓度和药物诱导效应更密切相关。汗液可用于1-2周的监测。 目前，联邦政府正在考虑对滥用药物进行口腔液、头发和汗液测试，这些测试更常用于工作场所、刑事司法、治疗和军事药物测试项目。还可能存在与使用特定生物基质相关的缺点。在我们的研究中，基本的药理学性质，如剂量-浓度和浓度-时间关系进行了评价。总的来说，每个生物基质显示出揭示关于个体药物暴露史的有用信息的希望。分析替代基质中的药物需要开发用于检测和定量药物和代谢物的灵敏、选择性和特异性化学方法。不断评估分析程序，以改进血液、血浆、汗液、口腔液、尿液、皮肤、皮脂和毛发中可卡因、阿片类药物、甲基苯丙胺、大麻素和尼古丁的母体药物和代谢产物的检测和定量。

Drug testing of biological specimens such as urine, oral fluid, sweat and hair provides an objective means of diagnosing drug use and monitoring subjects in treatment. Traditionally, urine testing has been used, but this technology has limitations. In a series of ongoing studies, a variety of alternative biological fluids and tissues are evaluated for usefulness in monitoring individual patterns of substance abuse. Clinical studies were designed to determine the identity, concentration, time course, dose dependency and variability of drug and metabolite excretion in urine, plasma, oral fluid, sweat, skin, sebum, nails, cord blood, and hair following administration of single and multiple doses of drugs of abuse to human subjects. Each biological specimen appears to be unique and offers a somewhat different pattern of information regarding drug use over time. For example, hair testing offers the possibility of detecting drug use that could have occurred within a period of several months and could be useful in monitoring individuals in long-term treatment and in prevalence studies. In contrast, oral fluid offers a short term measure of drug exposure that may correlate more closely with some drug concentrations in blood and with drug-induced effects. Sweat can be used for monitoring over a period of 1-2 weeks. Oral fluid, hair and sweat testing for drugs of abuse are currently under consideration for federally mandated drug testing programs, and are being employed more commonly in workplace, criminal justice, treatment and military drug testing programs. There may also be disadvantages associated with the use of a particular biological matrix. Basic pharmacological properties such as dose-concentration and concentration-time relationships are evaluated in our research. Overall, each biological matrix shows promise of revealing useful information regarding an individual's drug exposure history. Analysis of drugs in alternative matrices requires development of sensitive, selective and specific chemical methods for the detection and quantification of drugs and metabolites. Analytical procedures are continually evaluated for improving the detection and quantification of parent drug and metabolic products of cocaine, opiates, methamphetamine, cannabinoids and nicotine in blood, plasma, sweat, oral fluid, urine, skin, sebum and hair.