Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease and Death

描述（申请人提供）：这一修订后的竞争性重新提交的早期指标后期工作水平，疾病和死亡（El）计划项目的基础是在2004年发现，在1900年，美国主要城市的病房之间的健康和死亡率的差距不仅要大得多，（大约10比1），但最差和最好病房之间的差距在1950年缩小了84%。当分析被推回到19世纪时，人们发现，1860年17个最大城市的年轻人死亡率，当纵向分析时，远远高于以前的时期生命表。从这些城市中幸存下来的联邦军队（UA）新兵的死亡率如此之高，以至于他们的经历的特点是寿命表的eo约为28.6岁，比农村地区的预期寿命低约17.7岁。要解释城市内部和城市之间以及农村地区之间的差异，以及导致1830年至1950年之间这些差异改善的社会、经济和生物人口因素，需要创建一个包含能够解释这一过程的生态变量的数据集。这些数据的收集和管理占本方案项目成本的四分之三。四个分析项目启动了对新数据的分析：项目1将分析美国士兵和退伍军人的社会经济和健康状况如何在生命过程中相互作用，强调不同亚群和时间的相互作用。项目2的重点是那些活到95岁或以上的退伍军人（队列的最后2%），将他们的衰老过程与第一次世界大战前出生的人进行比较，并调查早期生活环境压力的影响是否持续到很老的年龄。项目3分析了在生命过程的不同阶段暴露于城市环境中的严重环境对老化过程的影响。项目4涉及老龄化进程中的城乡差异。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The foundation of this revised competitive resubmission of the Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease and Death (El) program project is the discovery in 2004 that disparities in health and mortality across the wards of the major US cities in 1900 were not only far greater (on the order of 10-to-1) than recognized, but that 84% of the disparities between the worst and best wards had diminished by 1950. When the analysis was pushed back into the 19th century, it was discovered that young adult death rates in the 17 largest cities of 1860, when analyzed longitudinally, were far higher than previously revealed by period life tables. Union Army (UA) recruits from these cities who survived the Civil War had die off rates so high that their experience is characterized by life tables with eo of about 28.6 years, which is about 17.7 years less than life expectancy in rural areas. The explanation of the disparity within and across cities, as well as across rural areas, and the social, economic, and biodemographic factors that lead to the amelioration of these disparities between 1830 and 1950 requires the creation of a data set with ecological variables capable of explaining the process. The collection and management of these data account for three-fourths of the cost of this program project. Four analytical projects initiate the analysis of the new data: Project 1 will analyze how the socioeconomic and health status of UA soldiers and veterans interacted with each other over the life course, stressing interactions across different sub-populations and times. Project 2 focuses on those veterans who lived to be age 95 or older (the last 2% of the cohort) comparing their aging processes with those born just before World War I and investigating whether the effects of earlier life environmental stress persist even to very old ages. Project 3 analyses the impact of exposure to severe within urban environments over different spans of the life course on the process of aging. Project 4 deals with the differences across urban and rural areas in the process of aging.