The Development of Alcohol Use and Abuse in ADHD Adolescents and Young Adults

这个MERIT扩展申请要求16-20年级的资金，以继续研究发病，过程， 匹兹堡ADHD纵向研究中酒精使用和酒精使用障碍的原因和后果 研究（帕尔斯）。在帕尔斯中，364名ADHD儿童（先证者）在他们的小学 学龄年后，他们参加了ADHD夏季治疗计划在WPIC，大学 匹兹堡。这是同类研究中规模最大的：严格诊断儿童多动症，全面 儿童数据（包括标准化和客观数据），以及详细的纵向评估， 理论上与酒精结果的发展相关的领域的成年期（例如，醇 酗酒家族史（Family history of alcoholism）。一组非ADHD的人口统计学相似的参与者 （n=240）是在补助1-5年期间招募的，当时先证者在11岁之间首次随访 和25.使用队列顺序设计，ADHD和非ADHD参与者每年接受一次访谈， 23岁和25、27和30岁的高保留率;采用了多报告者方法 覆盖各处抽样调查结果包括：1）先证者酗酒和澳元风险较高 青少年; 2）当父母的知识是 低于样本中位数; 3）学业成绩，社会障碍，青少年犯罪， ADHD症状持续性; 4）青少年和年轻成人饮酒与ADHD之间的关系更强。 非ADHD; 5）酒精使用对ADHD相关的高风险驾驶行为的潜在贡献， 成年早期的亲密伴侣暴力;以及6）继续需要对行为进行间接报告 （特别是ADHD症状）进入成年期。建议对大多数参与者继续进行访谈 通过20年代末和30年代初，以确定早期的大量饮酒模式是否持续， AUD病例发展，以检查与成人不同成就相关的所有酒精结果 里程碑（就业，婚姻，生育），并研究潜在的假定因果机制 这些AUD的发展和后果在成年早期。

This MERIT extension application requests funding for Years 16-20 to continue study ofthe onset, course, causes, and consequences of alcohol use and alcohol use disorders in the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS). In the PALS, 364 children with ADHD (probands) were ascertained in their elementary school-aged years following their participation in the ADHD Summer Treatment Program atWPIC, University of Pittsburgh. This is the largest study of its kind: rigorously diagnosed ADHD in childhood, comprehensive childhood data (including standardized and objective data), and detailed longitudinal assessments to adulthood of domains theoretically related to the development of alcohol outcomes (e.g., alcohol expectancies; family history of alcoholism). A nonADHD demographically similar group of participants (n=240) was recruited during grant Years 1-5 when probands were first followed up between the ages of 11 and 25. Using a cohort-sequential design, ADHD and nonADHD participants were interviewed annually with a high rate of retention to age 23 and at ages 25, 27, and 30; a multiple reporter approach has been adopted throughout. A sampling of findings includes: 1) a higher risk for heavy drinking and AUD by proband adolescents; 2) stronger prediction to late adolescent drinking for probands when parental knowledge is below sample median; 3) mediating role of academic performance, social impairment, delinquency, and ADHD symptom persistence; 4) stronger relation between adolescent and young adult drinking for ADHD vs. nonADHD; 5) potential contribution of alcohol use to ADHD-related elevated risky driving behavior and intimate partner violence in early adulthood; and 6) continued need for collateral report of behavior (specifically, ADHD symptoms) into adulthood. Continuation of interviews is proposed, for most participants through the late 20s and early 30s, to determine whether early heavy drinking patterns persist, whether new cases of AUD develop, to examine all alcohol outcomes in relation to differential achievement of adult milestones (employment, marriage, parenthood), and to study the putative causal mechanisms underlying these AUD developments and consequences in early adulthood.