Demography of Sex Differences in Health and Survival

描述(申请人提供)：男性比女性更健康，但死亡更早，这是真的吗？如果是，原因何在？我们计划进行人口统计学分析，以解决这两个关于健康-生存悖论的主要问题。 首先，这一悖论在多大程度上是正确的？它有多普遍？ *根据哪些定义和衡量标准以及在哪些维度上男性比 女人? *男女发病率和死亡率差异如何随年龄变化？ *它们在不同地区有何不同？ *随着时间的推移，它们是如何变化的？ *它们在哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类之间有何不同？ 其次，如果这一悖论是真的，为什么会是这样？各种社会和生物假说将通过分析进行测试： 人类和非人类生命表(项目1)； 丹麦人类调查和登记数据(项目2)； 美国(项目3)以及日本、菲律宾和新加坡(项目4)的人类调查数据； 对肯尼亚野外狒狒的纵向观察(项目5)； 马达加斯加野生狐猴以及杜克和法国圈养狐猴的纵向数据(项目6)； 关于果蝇的实验室数据(项目7)。 信息丰富的动物模型与高质量的人类数据和复杂的 人口统计分析将使人们更深入地了解健康和生存方面的性别差异的基础，以及缩小这些差异的机会。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Is it true that males are healthier than females but die younger? If so, why? We plan demographic analyses to address these two overarching questions concerning the health-survival paradox. First, to what extent is the paradox true? How general is it? * According to which definitions and measures and along which dimensions are men healthier than women? * How do male-female morbidity and mortality differences vary with age? * How do they vary over place? * How have they varied over time? * How do they vary across species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish? Second, to the extent that the paradox is true, why is this the case? Various social and biological hypotheses will be tested by analyzing: Human and nonhuman lifetables (Project 1); Survey and register data on humans in Denmark (Project 2); Survey data on humans in the United States (Project 3) and in Japan, the Philippines and Singapore (Project 4); Longitudinal observations on baboons in the wild in Kenya (Project 5); Longitudinal data on lemurs in the wild on Madagascar and in captivity at Duke and in France (Project 6); and Laboratory data on fruit flies (Project 7). The combination of informative animal models and high-quality human data and sophisticated demographic analyses will provide a deeper understanding of the basis for sex differences in health and survival and of opportunities to reduce these differences.