Survey Measures of Subjective Well-being: Age, Appraisal, and Cognition Effects

描述（由申请人提供）：随着政策制定者寻找指数来补充现有的基于人口的经济指标，人们对评估人们如何思考和感受他们的生活环境的兴趣已经恢复。在这种情况下，研究人员正在重新考虑从传统的全球（或评估）幸福的措施，如生活和领域的满意度，并正在创建新的措施，以捕捉在日常生活中的享乐体验。例如，Kahneman及其同事（2004）开发了一种日重建方法（DRM），该方法将情感体验的评估与昨天活动的详细时间日记相结合。DRM提供的在线体验信息与全球福祉报告不同。我们的研究将解决几个实际和概念上的障碍，包括一个DRM的措施，在大型调查的老年人。一个实际的障碍是DRM的40-75分钟长度。在与健康和退休研究（HRS）相关的研究中，已经开始了保留有限的DRM功能的简短10-15分钟测量的试点工作。然而，调查措施的目标长度是3-5分钟。我们目前还不知道一个简短、可靠、有效的幸福感调查指数所需的最低特征。此外，我们缺乏关于认知老化对体验幸福感测量的影响的信息，我们不知道评估和体验幸福感是否与晚年的健康有独特的联系。我们采用多管齐下的方法。开始，我们将HRS的调查结果与收入动态小组研究（PSID）收集的DRM数据、美国时间使用调查（American Time Use Survey）的新幸福感模块以及美国生活小组（ALP）的DRM进行比较。这些二次分析将回答以下问题：1）对细粒度与简短DRM测量的响应的质量和可比性; 2）评估和体验的幸福感与健康的独特相关性和预测性关联;以及3）与生命周期（中年、年轻、年老）、退休状态和个体特征（如非病理性认知衰退和个性）相关的差异。我们补充这些分析与一系列的焦点小组和实验研究，探讨年龄差异的影响，情景记忆和偏好的情绪体验。两项研究将调查测量功能，预计支持或干扰最近的经验在线（情节）的记忆。我们将比较指示重建昨天的时间与活动和反应的影响，以重复询问的感觉。其他的研究将考察从一天到另一天的活动和时间的回忆准确性以及对享乐和非享乐感觉的记忆的年龄差异。我们还将收集中年和老年人对日常活动的效价、努力和影响的评级。我们的总体目标是建立标准的简约，但全面的调查措施的主观幸福感。所获得的信息将促进对老年人大型调查中的幸福感评估，以及我们对晚年生活质量的理解。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): As policy makers search for indices to complement existing population-based economic markers, interest has revived in ways to assess how people think and feel about their life circumstances. In this context, researchers are reconsidering the information gained from traditional global (or evaluative) measures of well-being such as life and domain satisfaction and are creating new measures to capture hedonic experience in daily life. Kahneman and colleagues (2004), for example, developed a Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) that integrates the assessment of affective experience with a detailed time diary of yesterday's activities. The DRM provides on-line information about experience that is distinct from global reports of well-being. Our studies will address several practical and conceptual barriers to the inclusion of a DRM-like measure in large surveys of older adults. One practical barrier is the 40-75 minute length of the DRM. Pilot work on brief 10-15 minute measures that retain a limited set of DRM-features has begun in studies associated with the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The target length of a survey measure, however, is 3-5 minutes. We currently don't know the minimum features necessary for a short reliable and valid survey index of experienced well-being. Furthermore, we lack information about the impact of cognitive aging on the measurement of experienced well- being and we do not know if evaluative and experienced well-being have distinctive associations with health in later life. We use a multipronged approach. To begin, we compare HRS findings with DRM data collected in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the American Time Use Survey's (ATUS) new well-being module, and the American Life Panel's (ALP) DRM. These secondary analyses will answer questions about: 1) the quality and comparability of responses to the fine-grained versus brief DRM measures; 2) unique correlative and predictive associations of evaluated and experienced well-being with health; and 3) differences related to life period (midlife, young old, oldest old), retirement status, and individual characteristics such as non- pathological cognitive decline and personality. We supplement these analyses with a series of focus group and experimental studies to examine the implications of age differences in episodic memory and preferences for emotional experience. Two studies will investigate measurement features expected to support or interfere with on-line (episodic) memory of recent experiences. We will compare the effects of instructions to reconstruct yesterday by time versus activities and reactivity to repeated questioning about feelings. Other studies will examine age differences in the recall accuracy of activities and time from one day to the next and memory for hedonic and non-hedonic feelings. We will also collect middle-aged and older adults' ratings of the valence, effort, and affect associated with daily activities. Our overall objective is to establish criteria for parsimonious- but-comprehensive survey measures of subjective well-being. The information obtained will advance assessment of well-being in large surveys of older adults and our understanding of life quality in late life.