NEIGHBORHOOD, FAMILY AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS IN ADOLESCENT DRINKING

描述(申请人提供)：过度饮酒与相当大的发病率和死亡率有关，导致进行广泛的研究，确定与过度饮酒和经历与酒精相关的伤害的风险增加相关的因素。已确定的风险因素跨越了许多不同的领域，包括背景影响(例如酒精出口密度、社区社会劣势)、家庭和个人特定环境影响(例如父母分离、童年虐待)和个人因素(例如遗传脆弱性、精神病病史)。然而，通常情况下，跨域的集成有限。一些人提出，与其他社会因素相比，地区层面的因素，如邻里条件，可能与基因-环境(GE)相互作用理论更相关。首先，一些人可能由于饮酒(例如自我选择)而更频繁地接触到某些社交环境(例如，酒精出口密度较高的社区)。其次，邻里环境可能会增强或限制遗传影响对酒精相关行为的相对影响，因为它是一种直接的社会控制形式，限制了潜在特征的表现。我们建议将使用地理信息系统(GIS)技术生成的社区环境的创新测量(例如酒精出口密度)添加到之前收集的女性青少年双胞胎队列(N=1700对双胞胎)的数据中，并对其进行多波评估，直至成年。这将使我们能够更好地描述邻居、家庭和个人因素对早期开始饮酒(随后过度饮酒的主要风险因素)、开始饮酒导致醉酒以及严重饮酒和与酒精有关的问题的不同贡献。它还将使我们能够测试自我选择效应(即影响邻里选择的遗传和环境因素与酒精相关行为是否相关)，确定可能影响成年后居住选择的个人和家庭因素，以及调节邻里环境的遗传影响(即基因-环境交互作用)。因此，我们提议的研究将为酒精使用障碍的生态学和流行病学研究传统提供信息。这类研究可能会为当地酒精控制政策的性质、范围和有效性提供新的线索，这取决于邻里条件和遗传责任共同变化或相互作用或影响酒精使用的机制。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Excessive alcohol use is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, leading to extensive research identifying factors associated with increased risks for the development of excessive alcohol use and for experiencing alcohol-related harm. Identified risk factors have spanned a number of distinct domains including contextual effects (e.g., alcohol outlet density, neighborhood social disadvantage) familial and individual specific environmental influences (e.g., parental separation, childhood abuse) and individual factors (e.g., genetic vulnerability, history of psychopathology). Typically, however, there has been limited integration across domains. Some have suggested that area-level factors, such as neighborhood conditions, may be more relevant to the theory of gene-environment (GE) interplay than other social factors. First, some individuals may be more frequently exposed to certain social contexts (e.g. neighborhoods with higher alcohol outlet density) as a consequence of their drinking (e.g. self-selection). Second, neighborhood conditions may enhance or constrain the relative influence of genetic influences on alcohol-related behaviors, by serving as an immediate form of social control that limits the manifestation of latent characteristics. We propose to add innovative measures of neighborhood environment (e.g. alcohol outlet density), generated using Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies, to previously collected data on a female adolescent twin cohort (N=1700 twin pairs), followed across multiple waves of assessment into young adulthood. This will allow us to better characterize the separate contributions of neighborhood, family and individual factors to early initiation of alcohol use (a major risk factor for subsequent excessive alcohol use), onset o drinking to intoxication, as well as heaviness of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. It will also allow us to test both for self- selection effects (i.e. whether genetic and environmental factors influencing neighborhood choice and alcohol- related behaviors are correlated), identifying individual and family factors that may influence choice of residence in young adulthood and for moderation of genetic influences by neighborhood environment (i.e. gene-environment interaction). Thus, our proposed research will inform both ecological and epidemiological research traditions on alcohol use disorders. Such research may shed new light on the nature, scope, and effectiveness of local alcohol control policies depending on the mechanism by which neighborhood conditions and genetic liabilities covary or interact or to affect alcohol use.