International Differences in Health, Longevity, and SES

描述（由申请人提供）：我们的第一个目标是研究一组欧洲国家和美国的早期生活条件和儿童健康对显着的成年后生活结果的影响，包括成人健康和社会经济地位（SES）。早期生活条件的差异可能是成人健康国际差异的一个重要来源。其次，我们将研究SES和健康之间的双重途径，重点是英国和美国。通过检查使用自我报告和疾病生物标志物的新慢性疾病的未来发作是否与关键的SES标志物-收入，财富和教育相关，探索从SES到健康的途径。我们将研究经济地位的“革新”是否会影响健康，特别是在最近的金融危机期间。健康对劳动力供给、收入和财富的反馈在数量上可能很重要。健康结果包括身心健康，包括抑郁症，心理社会健康，整体幸福感和生活满意度。我们的第三个具体目标是研究英国和美国的SES替代指标与随后的全因和特定原因事件死亡率之间的关系。获得财政资源对于处理健康问题发生后的后果可能至关重要。最后的具体目标将研究不同的癌症筛查率是否可以解释癌症发病率的国家差异的重要部分，特别是那些对美国不利的国家。众所周知，筛查在不同类型的癌症中各不相同，据信美国的乳腺癌、结肠癌和前列腺癌比英国更具侵略性，而呼吸道癌的筛查则较低。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Our first objective examines impacts of early life conditions and childhood health across a set of European countries and the US on salient later life adult outcomes including adult health and socioeconomic status (SES). Differences in early life conditions are potentially an important source of international differences in adult health. Second, we will study dual pathways between SES and health with an emphasis on England and America. Pathways from SES to health are explored by examining whether future onsets of new chronic conditions using self-reports and biomarkers of disease are related to key SES markers- income, wealth, and education. We will examine whether "innovations" in economic status affect health-especially during the recent financial crisis. Health feedbacks to labor supply, income, and wealth may be quantitatively important. Health outcomes include physical and mental health, including depression, psycho-social health, overall well-being, and life satisfaction. Our third specific aim examines the relationship between alternative measures of SES and subsequent all cause and cause-specific incident mortality in England and the US. Access to financial resources may be essential in dealing with consequences of health problems after they occur. The final specific aim will examine whether differential cancer screening rates can account for significant parts of country differences in cancer rates, especially those to the disfavor of the United States. Screening is known to vary across types of cancer and is believed to be more aggressive for breast, colon, and prostate cancer in the US than the UK and low for respiratory cancer.