Alcohol and other drugs: Crash risk for different groups of drivers

 描述(申请人提供)：在美国，与酒精有关的机动车死亡人数不再下降，甚至还在上升。有人指出，死亡人数增加的部分原因是现行政策效率低下，特别是没有考虑到新的风险形式(如酒精和短信、酒精和大麻)以及一些以前被视为与酒精有关的车祸风险较低的人群(如年轻女司机、拉丁裔)的行为改变。简单地说：目前的一些酒后驾车(DUI)政策可能已经过时。现有的酒后驾车法律基于近20年前的酒后驾车风险估计，可能没有涵盖某些司机群体(例如年轻女性司机；酒精和大麻使用者)目前可能面临的酒后驾车风险。没有认识到一些人口群体现在面临的实际风险，可能是导致目前的政策未能妥善处理这些风险的原因之一。此应用程序响应计划公告PA-14-338，现有酒精流行病学数据(R21)的二次分析，利用两个独特的最新数据集：2007年和2013年国家路边调查(NRSS)，以及死亡分析报告系统(FARS，美国致命撞车普查)中匹配的致命撞车事故，以分析选定司机的相对风险数据。将最新的两个NRSS与相关的FARS数据进行匹配，将允许进行病例对照研究，从而对与酒精有关的致命车祸风险(单独)进行全面估计 和/或与大麻一起使用)，以及估计如果对现有政策作出更正或执行针对风险群体的新政策，可避免的致命撞车事故的最大数量。总之，本报告的重点是向政策制定者通报高风险驱动因素的关键目标群体，特别是那些在以前的研究中被忽视的群体。这关系到对日益稀缺的能源的有效利用 这项研究提供的有针对性的风险估计的资源将用于设计新的法律和方案。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Alcohol-related motor vehicle fatalities are no longer declining, but are even increasing in the United States. It has been suggested that this increase in fatalities is partially due to inefficiencies in current policies, in particular a failure to acount for new forms of risks (e.g., alcohol and texting, alcohol and marijuana) and behavioral changes by some population groups previously viewed as being at a low risk of alcohol-related crashes (e.g., young female drivers, Latinas). Simply stated: Some current driving-under-the-influence (DUI) policies may be outdated. Extant DUI laws are based on DUI risk estimates that are nearly two decades old and may not capture the DUI risk that some group of drivers might currently face (e.g., young female drivers; alcohol and marijuana users). Failure to acknowledge the actual risks some population groups are now facing may have contributed to current policies' failure to properly address such risks. This application responds to the program announcement PA-14-338, Secondary Analyses of Existing Alcohol Epidemiology Data (R21), by taking advantage of two unique and recent datasets: the 2007 and 2013 National Roadside Surveys (NRSs) in conjunction with matching fatal crashes in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS, a census of U.S. fatal crashes) to analyze data on the relative risk of selected drivers. The matching of the two most recent NRSs with pertinent FARS data will allow a case-control study that will yield a comprehensive estimation of alcohol-related fatal crash risk (alone and/or in conjunction with marijuana) for specific groups of drivers, as well as an estimation of the maximum number of fatal crashes that could be avoided if corrections to extant policies were made or new policies targeted to the groups at risk were implemented. In summary, this submission focuses on informing policymakers about key target groups of high-risk drivers, particularly those neglected in prior studies. At stake is the efficient use of increasingly scarce resources, for the targeted risk estimates provided by this study will be applied to the design of new laws and programs.