Detection Of Drugs Of Abuse In Alternative Biological Fluids And Tissues

对尿液、口腔液、呼吸、汗液和头发等生物标本进行药物检测，为诊断药物使用和监测治疗对象提供了客观手段。传统上，尿液检测一直被使用，但这项技术有局限性。在一系列正在进行的研究中，对各种替代生物液和组织在监测个别药物滥用模式方面的有效性进行了评估。临床研究旨在确定单剂量和多剂量药物滥用后，药物和代谢物在尿液、血浆、口腔液、汗液、皮肤、皮脂、指甲、脐带血和头发中的同一性、浓度、时程、剂量依赖性和变异性。每个生物标本似乎都是独一无二的，并提供了关于药物使用随时间推移的略有不同的模式。例如，毛发测试提供了检测在几个月内可能发生的药物使用的可能性，在长期治疗和流行率研究中可能有助于监测个人。相比之下，口服液提供了一种短期的药物暴露测量方法，它可能与血液中的某些药物浓度和药物诱导的效果更密切相关。汗液可用于1-2周的监测。滥用药物的口服液、头发和汗液测试目前正在考虑用于联邦授权的药物测试项目，并更多地被用于工作场所、刑事司法、治疗和军事药物测试项目。使用特定的生物基质也可能有不利之处。在我们的研究中，我们评估了基本的药理特性，如剂量-浓度和浓度-时间关系。总体而言，每个生物矩阵都显示出披露有关个人药物暴露历史的有用信息的希望。分析替代基质中的药物需要开发灵敏的、选择性的和特定的化学方法来检测和定量药物和代谢物。不断评估分析程序，以改进对血液、血浆、汗液、口腔液、尿液、皮肤、皮脂和头发中的可卡因、鸦片类药物、甲基苯丙胺、大麻素和尼古丁的母药和代谢产物的检测和定量。

Drug testing of biological specimens such as urine, oral fluid, breath, sweat and hair provides an objective means of diagnosing drug use and monitoring subjects in treatment. Traditionally, urine testing has been used, but this technology has limitations. In a series of ongoing studies, a variety of alternative biological fluids and tissues are evaluated for usefulness in monitoring individual patterns of substance abuse. Clinical studies were designed to determine the identity, concentration, time course, dose dependency and variability of drug and metabolite excretion in urine, plasma, oral fluid, sweat, skin, sebum, nails, cord blood, and hair following administration of single and multiple doses of drugs of abuse to human subjects. Each biological specimen appears to be unique and offers a somewhat different pattern of information regarding drug use over time. For example, hair testing offers the possibility of detecting drug use that could have occurred within a period of several months and could be useful in monitoring individuals in long-term treatment and in prevalence studies. In contrast, oral fluid offers a short term measure of drug exposure that may correlate more closely with some drug concentrations in blood and with drug-induced effects. Sweat can be used for monitoring over a period of 1-2 weeks. Oral fluid, hair and sweat testing for drugs of abuse are currently under consideration for federally mandated drug testing programs, and are being employed more commonly in workplace, criminal justice, treatment and military drug testing programs. There may also be disadvantages associated with the use of a particular biological matrix. Basic pharmacological properties such as dose-concentration and concentration-time relationships are evaluated in our research. Overall, each biological matrix shows promise of revealing useful information regarding an individual's drug exposure history. Analysis of drugs in alternative matrices requires development of sensitive, selective and specific chemical methods for the detection and quantification of drugs and metabolites. Analytical procedures are continually evaluated for improving the detection and quantification of parent drug and metabolic products of cocaine, opiates, methamphetamine, cannabinoids and nicotine in blood, plasma, sweat, oral fluid, urine, skin, sebum and hair.