Survey Measures of Subjective Well-being: Age, Appraisal, and Cognition Effects

描述（由申请人提供）：随着政策制定者寻找指数来补充现有的以人口为基础的经济指标，人们对评估人们如何思考和感受其生活环境的方式的兴趣重新燃起。在这种背景下，研究人员正在重新考虑从传统的全球（或评估性）幸福指标（如生活和领域满意度）中获得的信息，并正在创造新的指标来捕捉日常生活中的享乐体验。例如，Kahneman和他的同事（2004）开发了一种“一天重建法”（DRM），将情感体验的评估与昨天活动的详细时间日记结合起来。DRM提供了与全球幸福感报告不同的关于体验的在线信息。我们的研究将解决在老年人的大型调查中纳入类似drm的措施的几个实际和概念障碍。一个实际的障碍是DRM的长度为40-75分钟。在与健康与退休研究（HRS）相关的研究中，已经开始了关于保留有限drm特征的10-15分钟简短措施的试点工作。然而，调查措施的目标长度是3-5分钟。我们目前还不知道一个简短、可靠、有效的幸福感调查指数所必需的最小特征。此外，我们缺乏关于认知老化对体验幸福测量的影响的信息，我们不知道评估和体验幸福是否与晚年的健康有明显的联系。我们采用多管齐下的方法。首先，我们将HRS的发现与收入动态小组研究（PSID）、美国时间使用调查（ATUS）的新幸福感模块和美国生活小组（ALP）的DRM收集的DRM数据进行比较。这些二次分析将回答以下问题：1)细粒度与简短DRM措施的响应质量和可比性；2)评估和体验幸福感与健康的独特相关和预测关联；3)与生命周期（中年、青年、老年）、退休状态、非病理性认知衰退、人格等个体特征相关的差异。我们用一系列焦点小组和实验研究来补充这些分析，以检验情景记忆和情感体验偏好的年龄差异的含义。两项研究将调查支持或干扰最近经历的在线（情景）记忆的测量特征。我们将比较通过时间来重建昨天的指令的效果与对反复询问感受的活动和反应的效果。其他研究将考察年龄差异对活动和时间的回忆准确性，以及对享乐和非享乐感受的记忆。我们还将收集中老年人对与日常活动相关的效价、努力和影响的评分。我们的总体目标是为主观幸福感的简洁而全面的调查措施建立标准。所获得的信息将促进老年人福祉的评估和我们对晚年生活质量的理解。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): As policy makers search for indices to complement existing population-based economic markers, interest has revived in ways to assess how people think and feel about their life circumstances. In this context, researchers are reconsidering the information gained from traditional global (or evaluative) measures of well-being such as life and domain satisfaction and are creating new measures to capture hedonic experience in daily life. Kahneman and colleagues (2004), for example, developed a Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) that integrates the assessment of affective experience with a detailed time diary of yesterday's activities. The DRM provides on-line information about experience that is distinct from global reports of well-being. Our studies will address several practical and conceptual barriers to the inclusion of a DRM-like measure in large surveys of older adults. One practical barrier is the 40-75 minute length of the DRM. Pilot work on brief 10-15 minute measures that retain a limited set of DRM-features has begun in studies associated with the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The target length of a survey measure, however, is 3-5 minutes. We currently don't know the minimum features necessary for a short reliable and valid survey index of experienced well-being. Furthermore, we lack information about the impact of cognitive aging on the measurement of experienced well- being and we do not know if evaluative and experienced well-being have distinctive associations with health in later life. We use a multipronged approach. To begin, we compare HRS findings with DRM data collected in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the American Time Use Survey's (ATUS) new well-being module, and the American Life Panel's (ALP) DRM. These secondary analyses will answer questions about: 1) the quality and comparability of responses to the fine-grained versus brief DRM measures; 2) unique correlative and predictive associations of evaluated and experienced well-being with health; and 3) differences related to life period (midlife, young old, oldest old), retirement status, and individual characteristics such as non- pathological cognitive decline and personality. We supplement these analyses with a series of focus group and experimental studies to examine the implications of age differences in episodic memory and preferences for emotional experience. Two studies will investigate measurement features expected to support or interfere with on-line (episodic) memory of recent experiences. We will compare the effects of instructions to reconstruct yesterday by time versus activities and reactivity to repeated questioning about feelings. Other studies will examine age differences in the recall accuracy of activities and time from one day to the next and memory for hedonic and non-hedonic feelings. We will also collect middle-aged and older adults' ratings of the valence, effort, and affect associated with daily activities. Our overall objective is to establish criteria for parsimonious- but-comprehensive survey measures of subjective well-being. The information obtained will advance assessment of well-being in large surveys of older adults and our understanding of life quality in late life.