Household Transmission of Influenza Viruses in the Community

项目摘要/摘要 流感仍然是全世界发病率和死亡率的一个重要的可预防的原因。主要战略 减轻流感疫情影响的方法是接种疫苗，但疫苗的效果并不理想。 此外，如果发生大流行，可能无法获得疫苗。使用其他方法来防止 流感的传播是必要的，但对家庭和社区感染的传播知之甚少 在我们现代的生活方式中。目前的监测活动无法确定传播的特征 流感在社区中的动态。了解当代流感的模式和时机 家庭和社区内的感染是预防性干预的基础，例如家庭- 隔离、预防性使用抗病毒药物、社会距离、学校关闭和疫苗接种。据信， 高达30%的流感传播发生在家庭中。我们对流感传播的理解 家庭和社区在很大程度上是基于几十年前的研究。 诊断测试已经改变，目前的分子和测序技术提供了新的机会 研究流感传播。同样，家庭和社区内的社交模式也有 可能在过去几十年中发生了变化，个人电子设备的广泛获得和使用 可能进一步改变了家庭内部人类接触的动态。因此，传输模式可以 已经改变了。需要进行前瞻性、高效的家庭传播研究，以了解当前 家庭内流感传播的动态和确定疾病的补充战略 防控。在连续三年内，我们会进行个案确证研究，以确定 流感在家庭中的传播，具体目标如下：1.确定 连续三个流感季节在家庭中的二次流感传播；2.确定 三岁以上家庭接种流感疫苗预防二次流感传播的效果 连续的流感季节。

PROJECT SUMMARY / ABSTRACT Influenza remains an important preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The primary strategy to attenuate the impact of influenza epidemics is vaccination, but vaccine effectiveness is suboptimal. Additionally, in the event of a pandemic, vaccines may not be available. Alternative methods to prevent the spread of influenza are needed but little is known about the spread of infection in households and communities in our modern lifestyle. Current surveillance activities do not allow for the characterization of the transmission dynamics of influenza in the community. Understanding the contemporary patterns and timing of influenza infection within households and communities is the foundation for preventative interventions such as home- quarantine, prophylactic use of antivirals, social distancing, school-closures, and vaccination. It is believed that up to 30% of influenza transmission occurs in households. Our understanding of influenza transmission in households and communities has been largely based on studies that were done several decades ago. Diagnostic tests have changed and current molecular and sequencing techniques provide new opportunities to study influenza transmission. Similarly, social interaction patterns within households and communities have likely changed during the last decades, and the widespread availability and use of personal electronic devices may have further modified the dynamic of human contacts within households. Thus, transmission patterns may have changed. Prospective efficient household transmission studies are needed to understand the current dynamics of influenza transmission within households and to identify complementary strategies for disease prevention and control. During three consecutive years, we will conduct a case-ascertained study to determine the transmission of influenza in households, with the following specific aims: 1. To determine the risk of secondary influenza transmission in households over three consecutive influenza seasons; 2. To determine the effectiveness of influenza vaccination (VE) against secondary influenza transmission in households over three consecutive influenza seasons.