Parental Depression and the Early Origins of Disease Across Three Generations.

项目总结 美国有超过1500万儿童与抑郁的父母生活在一起。父母的抑郁一直是 与儿童在整个发育过程中的负面社交、情绪和行为结果有关，但很少 已知暴露在父母抑郁中可能对青少年的身体健康造成的后果。 此外，现有的研究通常依赖于父母精神健康的回顾报告，通常包括 只对父母的症状进行了一次评估。然而，父母的抑郁并不是一个静态的事件，这些 研究未能捕捉到抑郁父母经常观察到的症状波动。建议数 这项研究利用了对391名非裔美国人父母(第一代[G1])进行的持续纵向研究，并 他们的孩子(第二代[G2])从儿童11岁开始，一直持续到25岁。这些 青年在发展过程中面临着具有挑战性的社会和经济环境，他们的父母 同样，他们也面临着广泛的压力，这增加了他们出现抑郁症状的风险。可得性 这一具有良好特征的农村非裔美国家庭的样本为研究提供了一个独特的机会 儿童和青春期10年间父母抑郁的预测方式 青年早期罹患慢性老年病(CDA；炎症、代谢综合征)的风险 成人期。此外，大约一半的G2青年现在有了自己的孩子(第三代[G3])，他们 到目前为止，还没有参与正在进行的研究。我们建议与这一新一代一起收集试点数据 子孙后代。这一数据收集将使我们能够开始调查父母抑郁的可能性 世代可以影响后代的发展，即使环境影响也是如此 随着时间的推移而改变。我们建议研究G1级父母的抑郁轨迹如何预测G2级后代 成年早期抑郁和CDA前体(目标1)。然后，我们将检查潜在的调解人(例如， 家庭环境)和调节因素(例如，子女的自控力、外部支持)可能改变程度 父母抑郁轨迹的波动与G2 CDA前体有关(目标2)。 最后，我们将收集60个G3后代的试点数据，以检查健康的社会决定因素 代代相传(目标3)。这一试点项目将作为一项探索性调查，以帮助 计划对健康差距的代际传播进行更大规模的研究。这份提案测试了 关于父母抑郁和不支持的家庭环境可能会 影响着孩子们的世代发展。这项提案的发现可以用来提供信息 旨在改善儿童福祉的干预措施，并确定可以 保护青年免受不良后果的影响。

PROJECT SUMMARY Over 15 million children in the United States live with a depressed parent. Parental depression has been associated with negative social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes for children across development, but little is known about the possible physical health consequences for youth following exposure to parental depression. Further, existing research often relies on retrospective reports of parental mental health and typically includes only one assessment of parents' symptoms. Parental depression is not a static event, however, and these studies fail to capture the fluctuations in symptoms often observed in parents with depression. The proposed research capitalizes on an ongoing longitudinal study of 391 African American parents (Generation 1 [G1]) and their children (Generation 2 [G2]) starting when children were 11 years of age and continuing to age 25. These youth have faced challenging social and economic environments across development, and their parents similarly have faced wide-ranging stressors that increased their risk for depressive symptoms. The availability of this well characterized sample of rural African American families presents a unique opportunity to investigate the ways in which parental depression over a 10-year period across childhood and adolescence predicts youths' risk for precursors to chronic diseases of aging (CDAs; inflammation, metabolic syndrome) in early adulthood. Further, approximately half of the G2 youth now have children (Generation 3 [G3]) of their own, who to date have not been involved in the ongoing study. We propose to collect pilot data with this new generation of offspring. This data collection will allow us to start investigating the possibility that parental depression in one generation could influence development in subsequent generations, even when environmental influences change over time. We propose to examine how G1 parental depression trajectories predict G2 offspring depression and CDA precursors in early adulthood (Aim 1). Then, we will examine potential mediators (e.g., family environments) and moderators (e.g., offspring self-control, external supports) that may alter the degree to which fluctuations in parental depression trajectories are associated with G2 CDA precursors (Aim 2). Finally, we will collect pilot data on 60 G3 offspring to examine the ways in which social determinants of health are transmitted across generations (Aim 3). This pilot project will serve as an exploratory investigation to aid in planning for a larger study of the intergenerational transmission of health disparities. This proposal tests questions surrounding the possibility that parental depression and unsupportive family environments could influence children's development across generations. Findings from this proposal could be used to inform interventions designed to improve children's well being and to identify naturally occurring factors that could protect youth from adverse outcomes.