Development of Face Perception: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Investigations

识别面孔的能力是日常社交中的关键，从小就有了进步 为成年干杯。在成人中，面孔识别是由人类枕骨腹侧的一系列区域调节的 和颞叶皮质，构成腹面网络。腹面的选择性和空间广度 网络从童年发展到成年，与与年龄相关的面部识别能力的提高相关。 然而，这种发展的神经机制、发展速度和因素之间的关系 管理这一发展的机制还没有被很好地理解。拟议的研究的目标是填补这些 通过确定解剖学和功能脑之间的关系来确定知识中的实质性差距 发展并理解这些发展最终如何导致行为的改善。要实现 为了达到这些目标，这项研究将结合对儿童(5-10岁)的横断面和纵向测量 老年人)和成年人(23-28岁)获得创新的功能磁学多模式测量 磁共振成像(FMRI)、定量磁共振成像(QMRI)、弥散加权成像(DWI)及其各自的行为 参与者。目标1将使用功能磁共振成像、定量磁共振成像和人脸识别行为的纵向测量来 确定脸部网络中灰质和功能选择性的发展速度，如果 灰质和功能的发育是同时发生的，或者一个在另一个之前，如果神经发育 与人脸识别中的行为改善相关。目标2将采用横截面和纵向 使用fMRI、DWI、qMRI和行为测量来确定是否以及如何确定面部的白质特性 网络发育，如果白质发育与功能或行为发育有关，以及 如果白质和功能的发育同时发生或按顺序发生。AIM 3将使用功能磁共振成像和人口 建立接受野(PRF)模型以确定腹面神经网络中的PRF是否以及如何从童年起发生变化 到成年，如果PRF特性的发展与面部的注视模式有关。目标4号将测试神经 面孔选择的反应对从童年到成年的面孔变化不那么敏感， 从而改进了在不同大小或视图下的面部的不同实例之间的概括性。 关键的是，在每个目标中，我们不仅将检查腹面神经网络的发展，而且还将检查 更广泛地研究人类腹侧视觉流，以阐明发育效应的特异性。总的来说， 这项拟议的研究将促进对面孔发育的神经机制的理解。 认识，它将阐明完整的发展理论关于解剖学和 功能脑发育，并将提供多方面发育速度的第一次测量 人类颞叶腹侧皮质的解剖和功能。这项研究将为今后的研究提供必要的基础 典型和非典型情况的研究，包括发育性面孔失认、威廉姆斯综合征和 自闭症。

The ability to recognize faces, which is critical for everyday social interactions, improves from childhood to adulthood. In adults, face recognition is mediated by a series of regions in the ventral aspect of human occipital and temporal cortex, constituting the ventral face network. The selectivity and spatial extent of the ventral face network develop from childhood to adulthood, in correlation with age-related improvements in face recognition. However, the neural mechanisms of this development, the rate of development, and the relation among factors that govern this development are not well understood. The goals of the proposed research are to fill these substantial gaps in knowledge by determining the relationship between anatomical and functional brain development and understanding how these developments ultimately lead to improved behavior. To achieve these goals, the research will combine cross-sectional and longitudinal measurements in children (5-10 years old) and adults (23-28 years old) obtaining innovative multimodal measurements of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), quantitative MRI (qMRI), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), and behavior in each participant. Aim 1 will employ longitudinal measurements of fMRI, qMRI, and face recognition behavior to determine what is the rate of the development of gray matter and functional selectivity in the face network, if development of gray matter and function occur together or one precedes the other, and if neural developments correlate with behavioral improvements in face recognition. Aim 2 will employ cross-sectional and longitudinal measurements using fMRI, DWI, qMRI, and behavior to determine if and how white matter properties of the face network develop, if white matter developments are linked with either functional or behavioral development, and if development of white matter and function occur together or in sequence. Aim 3 will use fMRI and population receptive field (pRF) modeling to determine if and how pRFs in the ventral face network change from childhood to adulthood, and if development of pRF properties is related to fixation patterns on faces. Aim 4 will test if neural responses in face-selective become less sensitive to face transformations from childhood to adulthood, consequently improving generalization across different instances of the face under different sizes or views. Critically, in each aim we will examine not only the development of the ventral face network but the development of the human ventral visual stream more broadly to elucidate the specificity of developmental effects. Overall, the proposed research will advance understanding of neural mechanisms underlying the development of face recognition, it will elucidate completing developmental theories regarding the relation between anatomical and functional brain development, and will provide the first measurements of the developmental rate of multiple facets of human ventral temporal cortex anatomy and function. This research will provide an essential basis for future research on typical and atypical conditions including developmental prosopagnosia, Williams Syndrome, and autism.