Demography of Sex Differences in Health and Survival

描述（由申请人提供）：健康和生存的性别差异的人口统计学。男性比女性更健康，但死得更早，这是真的吗？如果是，为什么？我们计划进行人口统计分析，以解决这两个关于健康生存悖论的首要问题。首先，这个悖论在多大程度上是正确的？有多普遍？根据哪些定义和衡量标准以及沿着哪些维度，男性比女性更健康？男女发病率和死亡率的差异如何随年龄而变化？它们在不同的地方有什么不同？它们是如何随时间变化的？它们在灵长类动物、其他哺乳动物和鸟类之间有何不同？ 第二，在悖论成立的程度上，为什么会这样？各种社会和生物学假设将通过分析进行测试：男性与女性的人类和非人类生命表（项目1）;男性与女性的死亡原因数据（项目1和2）;从中石器时代到公元1600年，大约15,000具成年男女骨骼的死亡年龄。（项目1）丹麦、犹他州、俄罗斯和中国的人类调查和登记数据（项目2），以及对肯尼亚野生狒狒的详细纵向观察（项目3）。项目之间的强大交叉联系，包括共享博士后，联合工作组和协调的具体目标，将促进新的跨学科见解。结合（1）来自丹麦、犹他州、俄罗斯和中国的高质量人类数据以及许多其他人群的生命表数据，（2）补充了大量非人类生命表数据的信息丰富的动物模型（狒狒）和（3）复杂的人口和统计分析将使人们更深入地了解成年人在健康和生存方面的性别差异的基础，以及减少这些差异的机会差异

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Demography of Sex Differences in Health and Survival. Is it true that males are healthier than females but die younger? If so, why? We plan demographic analyses to address these two overarching questions concerning the health-survival paradox. First, to what extent is the paradox true? How general is it? According to which definitions and measures and along which dimensions are men healthier than women? How do male-female morbidity and mortality differences vary with age? How do they vary over place? How have they varied over time? How do they vary across species of primates, other mammals and birds? Second, to the extent that the paradox is true, why is this the case? Various social and biological hypotheses will be tested by analyzing: Human and nonhuman lifetables for males vs. females (Project 1); Data on causes of death for human males vs. females (Projects 1 and 2); Age at death of about 15,000 skeletons of adult males and females from the Mesolithic to about 1600 A.D. (Project 1) Survey and registry data on humans in Denmark, Utah, Russia and China (Project 2), and Detailed longitudinal observations of baboons in the wild in Kenya (Project 3). Strong cross-links between Projects, including shared postdocs, joint Working Groups, and coordinated Specific Aims, will facilitate new interdisciplinary insights. The combination of (1) high-quality human data from Denmark, Utah, Russia and China together with lifetable data on many other populations, (2) an informative animal model (baboons) supplemented with extensive nonhuman lifetable data and (3) sophisticated demographic and statistical analyses will provide a deeper understanding of the basis in adults for sex differences in health and survival and of opportunities to reduce these differences.