Infectious Diseases in Africa: Correlates of Protection, Lessons from Vaccines and Natural Infection Studies

抽象的。 非洲大陆传染病的巨大负担主要是艾滋病毒， 肺结核和疟疾。仅这三种疾病就在大多数国家造成社会和经济不稳定。 非洲国家所有年龄组，特别是儿童。艾滋病规划署最近估计， 全球艾滋病毒负担是，目前有3690万人感染艾滋病毒-1，2560万人感染艾滋病毒， 其中数百万人居住在撒哈拉以南非洲。实施艾滋病毒抗逆转录病毒疗法- 1感染者，这是必要的短期解决方案，伴随着成本和并发症， 药物的医源性影响，并不是阻止SSA流行的长期解决方案。艾滋病毒预防 仍然是扭转艾滋病毒感染趋势的关键，一种有效的艾滋病毒1型疫苗迫切需要 needed.沿着一项被动免疫研究，两项疫苗临床试验最近已在撒南非洲开始 以评估每种方案在提供保护免受感染方面的功效。为讨论当前 关于人类疫苗研究中观察到的保护相关性的知识将是 年轻的非洲研究人员。同样，需要不断努力开发疫苗， 减少结核病和疟疾的HIV-1共病。2015年，艾滋病研究办公室宣布， 减少艾滋病毒发病率的研究领域，包括开发安全有效的 艾滋病毒疫苗和劳动力的研究培训（NOT-OD-15-137; http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-15-137.html).在本申请中，我们建议 培训非洲的青年科学家，以填补目前在非洲建立科学素养的努力中的差距。 大陆和提高能力，进行免疫学研究。由于国家卫生研究院赞助 在非洲的几个基础研究项目以及临床疫苗试验中，我们认为， 非洲传染病研讨会将增加科学知识，并有助于建立未来 大陆的科学家。在两轮为期3年的融资（以及6次IDA研讨会）的支持下， 我们现在建议再举办一系列专题讨论会，其总体目标是：1）提供切割- 艾滋病毒疫苗开发以及疟疾和结核病相关方面的前沿知识; （2）培养非洲大陆青年科学家的科学思维和领导能力。 我们建议在南非开普敦举行一套三个国际开发协会专题讨论会， 每次会议将集中讨论具体的议题。在第一届IDA研讨会上，我们将重点讨论“小说 对HIV-1、TB和疟疾疫苗保护相关性的观察：系统免疫学 疫苗开发的方法”。根据我们之前的经验，我们开发了一种独特的方法， 学生：教师指导，包括在线学习和接触时间，重点是全面的， 桌面讨论。 !

Abstract. The huge burden of communicable diseases on the African continent is largely made up of HIV, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The trio of diseases alone is creating societal and economic instability in most African countries across all age groups, and particularly in children. Most recent UNAIDS estimates of the global burden of HIV are that 36.9 million people are currently living with HIV-1 infection and 25.6 million of them reside in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The implementation of anti-retroviral therapy of HIV- 1 infected people, which are necessary short-term solutions, comes with complications of costs and iatrogenic effects of drugs, and is not a long-term solution to stop the epidemic in SSA. HIV prevention remains critical to turn the tide of HIV infections and an effective vaccine against HIV-1 is desperately needed. Two vaccine clinical trials have recently started in SSA along with a passive immunization study to evaluate the efficacy of each regimen in conferring protection from infection. To discuss the current knowledge on correlates of protection observed in human vaccine studies will be a timely topic for the young African investigators. Similarly, continuous efforts are required to develop vaccines that would mitigate HIV-1 co-morbidities of TB and malaria. In 2015, the Office of AIDS Research announced priority areas of investigations into reducing the incidence of HIV, including the development of safe and effective HIV vaccines and research training of the workforce (NOT-OD-15-137; http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-15-137.html). In this application, we propose to train young scientists in Africa to fill the gap in ongoing efforts to build scientific literacy on the Continent and to enhance the ability to perform immunology research. As the NIH is sponsoring several basic research projects as well as clinical vaccine trials in Africa, we believe that the proposed Infectious Disease in Africa symposia will lead to increased scientific knowledge and will help build future scientific leaders on the Continent. On the back of two rounds of 3-year funding (and 6 IDA symposia), we now propose a further set of symposia, where the overarching aims are: 1) to provide cutting- edge knowledge in the fields of HIV vaccine development and related aspects of malaria and TB; and 2) To enable scientific thinking and leadership of young scientists on the African Continent. We are proposing a set of three IDA symposia that will take place in Cape Town, South Africa and we will focus on specific topics for each meeting. In the first IDA symposium, we will focus on “Novel observations on correlates of vaccine protection from HIV-1, TB, and Malaria: a systems immunology approach to vaccine development”. With our prior experience, we have developed a unique approach of student:teacher mentorship which involves a blend of on-line learning and contact time focused on round- table discussions. !