Influence of ultra-processed foods on reward processing and energy intake

项目摘要 大多数肥胖症患者在35岁之前就开始肥胖。在美国人口中，青少年的超- 加工食品消费量（占总能量的68%）和最低的饮食质量。鉴于超加工食品 代表青少年和年轻人消耗的能量的三分之二，需要研究， 了解食品加工对饮食行为的影响，特别是在青春期后期和早期 成年生活阶段。在此期间，个人在食物选择方面的独立性越来越大， 执行功能的关键发展时期，影响终身身心健康的过程。 来自临床前研究的证据表明，啮齿类动物保持“自助餐”，包括超 加工成分有更多的能量摄入，体重增加，并改变大脑回路，调节 无论是能量摄入还是执行功能，都比那些接受标准饮食的人要好。然而，超 加工食品对大脑回路的潜在奖励处理，食物摄入调节，食物选择， 人类的执行功能是未知的。需要控制饮食干预来填补这一空白。整体 本研究的目的是建立脑测量的改变的奖励加工的概念验证 对超加工奶昔的反应，自助餐中随意摄入能量的增加，以及不良反应 对执行功能的影响，以应对饮食高超加工食品（81%总能量）相比， 强调18-25岁个体的未加工/最小加工食品的饮食。为了实现我们的目标，32 年龄在18-25岁（青春期后期/成年早期）（BMI<30）的个体将接受两次为期14天的对照 以随机分配的顺序喂养条件。饮食将符合个人的热量需求， 匹配潜在的混杂因素，包括大量营养素，纤维和能量密度。评估 奖励处理的变化，大脑对超加工奶昔的反应将通过功能评估 在每个喂食期之前和之后的磁共振成像（4次测量）。测量 每个喂食期后立即进行的试验包括随意摄入能量和选择早餐食物 自助餐（包括超加工和最低限度加工的食品），在没有饥饿的情况下进食 餐后和执行功能。虽然超加工食品的消费可能有助于 能量摄入失调，机制是不确定的，现有的膳食指南没有解决超 加工食品的摄入量由于缺乏人体实验研究。拟议的研究可以解决这一问题 为处于关键发育阶段的个人提供间隙和信息饮食指南-青春期后期到早期 成年

PROJECT SUMMARY Most individuals with obesity become so before age 35. In the US population, adolescents have the highest ultra- processed food consumption (68% of total energy) and the lowest diet quality. Given that ultra-processed foods represent two-thirds of the energy consumed by adolescents and young adults, research is needed to understand the influence of food processing on eating behaviors, particularly in the late adolescence and early adulthood life stage. During this time, individuals have increasing independence in food choice and it represents a key developmental period for executive function, processes that affect life-long mental and physical health. Evidence from pre-clinical studies demonstrates rodents maintained on a “cafeteria diet” comprised of ultra- processed ingredients have greater energy intake, weight gain, and alterations in brain circuitry that regulates both energy intake and executive function than those exposed to a standard diet. However, the impact of ultra- processed foods on the brain circuits underlying reward processing, food intake regulation, food choice, and executive function in humans is unknown. Controlled diet interventions are needed to fill this void. The overall objective of this research is to establish proof-of-concept for altered reward processing measured by brain response to an ultra-processed milkshake, an increase in ad libitum energy intake in a buffet meal, and adverse effects on executive function in response to a diet high in ultra-processed foods (81% total energy) compared to a diet emphasizing un/minimally-processed foods in individuals aged 18-25 years. To address our objective, 32 individuals aged 18-25 years (late adolescence/early adulthood) (BMI<30) will undergo two 14-day controlled feeding conditions in a randomly assigned order. Diets will match the caloric needs of the individual and be matched for potential confounding factors including macronutrients, fiber, and energy density. To assess changes in reward processing, brain response to an ultra-processed milkshake will be assessed via functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after each feeding period (4 measurements). Measurements immediately following each feeding period will include ad libitum energy intake and food selection at a breakfast buffet meal (containing both ultra-processed and minimally processed foods), eating in the absence of hunger post-meal, and executive function. Although consumption of ultra-processed foods may contribute to dysregulation of energy intake, mechanisms are uncertain and existing dietary guidelines do not address ultra- processed food intake due to a lack of human experimental research. The proposed research could address this gap and inform dietary guidelines for individuals at a critical developmental life stage – late adolescence to early adulthood.