Risk of Viral Emergence from Bats

描述（由研究者提供）：新出现的人畜共患病对全球公共卫生和我们的经济构成重大威胁。大多数是由野生动物宿主日益频繁出现的病原体引起的（例如，来自黑猩猩的HIV-1，来自蝙蝠和果子狸的SARS冠状病毒，来自果蝠的尼帕病毒）。仅这一类疾病每年就造成数万人死亡，一些疾病的爆发（如SARS）已使全球经济损失数百亿美元。然而，尽管eid造成了巨大的社会、人口和经济影响，但我们对这些野生动物人畜共患病发生的潜在过程的理解，以及在制定预防未来发生的预测方法方面，进展甚微。为人畜共患疾病的出现制定预测性和前瞻性的方法是医学面临的一项关键挑战。新的人畜共患病经常以一种看似随机的方式从野生动物中出现，来自全球不同的地区，来自各种野生动物物种。由于缺乏对导致出现的过程的严格分析，我们理解驱动这一过程的能力受到了阻碍；我们对经常出现新的人畜共患病的野生动物微生物多样性（“人畜共患病池”）缺乏了解；我们对致病因素的理解不足，这解释了为什么有些病毒能够跨越物种屏障，而另一些却不能。在这个应用程序中，我们汇集了一个由新兴疾病生态学家和建模师、病毒生物信息学家和分子病毒学家组成的多学科团队，他们是各自领域的领导者，并且已经合作研究人畜共患疾病的出现。初步数据表明蝙蝠是一个关键的野生动物宿主，并且出现是由于一系列人为驱动因素，该团队将基于这些数据，1)开发蝙蝠病毒未来出现的全球“热点”预测模型；2)利用大型蝙蝠生物样本库在这些“热点”地区对已知和未发现的蝙蝠病原体进行有针对性的监测，阐明蝙蝠“病毒组”的未知多样性；3)使用一系列体外技术（包括在蝙蝠细胞培养中感染），检查这些新病毒的发病机制，以及尚未在人类中出现的可用蝙蝠病毒库。这一多学科方法是首次共同努力，旨在了解与最近出现的SARS、尼帕病毒、亨德拉病毒、埃博拉病毒和马尔堡病毒有关的一组关键野生动物宿主出现过程的深度和广度。新出现的人畜共患疾病（如艾滋病毒/艾滋病、流感）是全球健康的主要威胁，每年在美国和国外造成数万人死亡，其中一些疾病最近从蝙蝠身上出现（SARS、埃博拉、尼帕病毒）。这项研究提供了一种方法来预测下一个来自蝙蝠的新型人畜共患病最有可能出现的地区，并提出了对这些地区进行有针对性的监测的建议

DESCRIPTION (provided by investigator): Emerging zoonoses are a significant threat to global public health and our economies. The majority are caused by pathogens that emerge with increasing frequency from wildlife hosts (e.g. HIV-1 from chimpanzees, SARS CoV from bats and civets, Nipah virus from fruit bats). This group of diseases alone causes tens of thousands of deaths each year, and some outbreaks (e.g. SARS) have cost the global economy tens of billions of dollars. However, despite the huge social, demographic and economic impact of EIDs, there has been little advance in our understanding of the underlying process of how these wildlife zoonoses emerge, and in developing predictive approaches to prevent future emergence. Developing predictive and proactive approaches to zoonotic emergence is a key challenge to medical science. New zoonoses emerge regularly from wildlife in a seemingly random way, from disparate regions of the globe, and from a wide diversity of wildlife species. Our ability to understand what drives this process is hampered by a lack of rigorous analyses of the processes that cause emergence; our lack of knowledge of the diversity of microbes in wildlife (the `zoonotic pool') from which new zoonoses regularly emerge; and our poor understanding of pathogenic factors that explain why some viruses are able to cross the species barrier while others are not. In this application, we bring together a multidisciplinary team of emerging disease ecologists and modelers, viral bioinformaticists, and molecular virologists who are leaders in their fields, and who have already collaborated together to study zoonotic disease emergence. Building on preliminary data that demonstrates bats are a key wildlife reservoir, and that emergence is due to a range of anthropogenic drivers, this team will 1) develop predictive models of global `hotspots' for the future emergence of bat viruses; 2) use a large repository of bat biological samples to conduct targeted surveillance in these `hotspots' for known and undiscovered bat pathogens, elucidating the unknown diversity of the bat `virome' and; 3) using a range of in vitro techniques (including infection in bat cell culture), examine the pathogenesis of these new viruses, and a pool of available bat viruses which have not yet emerged in humans. This multidisciplinary approach represents the first, concerted effort to understand the depth and breadth of the process of emergence within a key group of wildlife hosts associated with the recent emergence of SARS, Nipah, Hendra, Ebola and Marburg viruses. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE Emerging zoonoses (e.g. HIV/AIDS, Influenza) are a major threat to health globally, causing tens of thousands of deaths each year in the USA and abroad and a number of these have emerged from bats recently (SARS, Ebola, Nipah). This research provides a way to predict the regions where the next new emerging zoonoses from bats is most likely to emerge, and proposes targeted surveillance of these animals using state-of-the- art molecular techniques in those regions. It will characterize new viruses, and study the pathogenesis of these, and a bank of known bat viruses that have not yet emerged in the human population: It is therefore a predictive, proactive approach to combating the most high profile group of emerging pathogens.