SPROUTS AGE 4.5-YEAR ASSESSMENT

背景 Eunice Kennedy Shriver国家儿童健康与人类发展研究所的校内人口健康研究部（DIPHR）设计并进行了原创的流行病学，行为和生物统计学研究，包括几个研究领域，如人类生殖和发育，妊娠和相关并发症，儿科和青少年健康和行为，以及与我们的使命相关的方法学研究。该部门包括三个校内研究分支，流行病学，生物统计学和生物信息学，健康行为，其使命是设计和实施原创性研究，为公共卫生及其特殊人群提供高影响力的研究结果。 环境和个人因素的相互作用被认为是美国上一代人超重人数迅速增加的原因。在这里，与其他发达国家一样，致肥胖食品环境主要是高度加工的、能量密集的、可口的、可获得的、负担得起的和市场上销售的营养价值最低的食品（即，“随意食物”），容易鼓励摄入超过能量需求。食物奖赏敏感性，对食物刺激的神经奖赏反应，已经成为一种个体特征，可能影响对饮食摄入和体重的环境影响的敏感性。食物奖励敏感性被认为是驱动享乐主义饮食的动力，享乐主义饮食的动机是独立于能量需求的愉快的饮食体验。 然而，在幼儿期食物奖励敏感性的发展、父母食物奖励敏感性的作用、接触高奖励食物的程度以及塑造儿童食物环境的其他可改变的家庭喂养做法方面，仍然存在重大的知识差距。更好地了解对儿童食物奖励敏感性的影响及其对儿童饮食和生长的影响，将阐明个体和环境因素对饮食行为和相关健康指标的相对重要性，并为指导未来的干预提供关键知识，以促进健康饮食习惯的发展。 因此，政府有必要建立一个队列研究，利用PEAS正在进行的研究的现有历史数据，招募母子二人组并收集基线信息。建立这一框架对于成功招募参与者和收集数据至关重要。 目的： 本任务指令将对4.5岁儿童的SPROUTS参与者进行评估。

Background The Division of Intramural Population Health Research (DIPHR) at the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development designs and conducts original epidemiological, behavioral, and biostatistical research encompassing several research domains such as human reproduction and development, pregnancy and related complications, pediatric and adolescent health and behaviors, and methodologic research relevant for our mission. The Division comprises three intramural research branches, Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, and Health Behavior, and its mission is to design and implement original research with the potential for high impact findings for public health and its special populations. The interaction of environmental and individual factors is believed to underlie the rapid rise in excess weight in the United States over the last generation. Here, as in other developed countries, the obesogenic food environment is dominated by highly processed, energy-dense, palatable, accessible, affordable and marketed food products of minimal nutritional value (i.e., "discretionary foods"), which readily encourage intake in excess of energetic needs. Food reward sensitivity, the neurologic reward response to food stimuli, has emerged as an individual trait that may impact susceptibility to environmental influences on dietary intake and body weight. Food reward sensitivity is purported to drive hedonic eating, which is motivated by the pleasurable experience of eating independent of energy requirements. However, critical knowledge gaps remain regarding the development of food reward sensitivity in early childhood and the roles of parental food reward sensitivity, the degree of exposure to highly rewarding foods, and other modifiable family feeding practices that shape the child's food environment. Better understanding of the influences on child food reward sensitivity and its impact on child diet and growth will elucidate the relative importance of individual and environmental factors on eating behaviors and related health indicators, and provide critical knowledge to guide future intervention to advance the development of healthful eating habits. Therefore, the Government has a need to establish a cohort study, leveraging on existing historical data from the PEAS ongoing study, to recruit mother-child dyads and collect baseline information. The establishing of this framework is critical to successful recruitment of participants and data collection. Objectives: This task order will conduct assessments of SPROUTS participants at child age 4.5 years.