Targeted Lead (Pb) Removal for Drinking Water Purification Using INCION®

项目总结 饮用水中的铅污染是全美普遍存在的健康问题。孩子们是 特别容易受到铅中毒的影响，这可能会对大脑产生永久性的有害影响 发展。尽管公共水务部门采取了防腐措施，但铅 全国范围内饮用水的浓度通常都会升高。环境保护 美国环保署(EPA)于1991年制定了铅和铜规则，以限制接触 这些元素，并将行动水平设置为15 ppb；然而，没有安全的铅水平 消费。2014年在密歇根州弗林特观察到的危机使公众接触到铅 聚光灯提高消费者意识。 目前市场上的铅过滤器缺乏特异性，其有限的器件寿命受 过滤的总水量，与铅浓度无关。Powertech水务公司的 (PTW)INCION®M系列技术平台是多功能化学/电化学 具有≥90%特异度的除铅方法称为电容式混凝；混合 吸附(电容)和固定(凝聚)机制，可永久去除 所有形式的溶解铅，包括络合离子和游离离子。 在这个第二阶段项目中，PTW的目标是了解如何开发和验证第二个 用于去除饮用水中溶解铅的一代INCION®M系列POU/POE系统 这超过了目前现成解决方案的表现。该设备将是可靠的和 专用于铅，具有多年的系统寿命，不会被充足的水消耗 选民。这些业绩目标将通过以下具体目标实现： 1.符合认证要求的析因试验设计。预期结果：INCION®M- 系列性能达到NSF认证标准NSF/ANSI 53和61。 2.研究电化学混凝机理以调整运行参数 特定的水化学成分。预期结果：确定满足以下条件的运行参数 将最好地利用电容混凝去除不同水源和 制定一个运营矩阵。 3.针对POU/PoE设备设计的系统操作的参数测试。 预期结果：一套设计规范，将INCION®设备开发成 商业产品。

PROJECT SUMMARY Lead contamination in drinking water is a pervasive health problem across the US. Children are especially vulnerable to lead poisoning, which can have permanent detrimental effects on brain development. Despite corrosion prevention measures taken by public water authorities, lead concentrations in drinking water are routinely elevated nationwide. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established The Lead and Copper Rule in 1991 to limit exposure of these elements and set the action level to 15 ppb; however, there is no safe level of lead consumption. The crisis observed in Flint, Michigan in 2014 put lead exposure into the public spotlight increasing consumer awareness. Lead filters currently on the market lack specificity with limited device lifetime dictated by the total amount of water volume filtered, regardless of lead concentration. PowerTech Water's (PTW) INCION® M-Series technology platform is a multifunctional chemical/electrochemical approach with ≥ 90% specificity for lead removal termed “capacitive coagulation”; a hybrid of adsorption (capacitive) and immobilization (coagulation) mechanisms that permanently remove all forms of dissolved lead, both complexed and free ions. In this Phase II project, PTW's goal is to understand how to develop and validate a 2nd generation INCION® M-series POU/POE system for dissolved lead removal from drinking water that exceeds the performance of current off-the-shelf solutions. The device will be reliable and specific for lead, have a multi-year system lifetime, and will not be consumed by abundant water constituents. These performance targets will be achieved through the following Specific Aims: 1. Factorial design of experiments testing to meet certification. Expected outcome: INCION® M- Series performance to meet NSF certification standards NSF/ANSI 53 and 61. 2. Investigate electrochemical coagulation mechanisms to tune operating parameters for specific water chemistries. Expected outcomes: Determine the operating parameters that will best exploit capacitive coagulation for lead removal in different water sources and develop an operating matrix. 3. Parametric testing of system operations towards the design of a POU/POE device. Expected outcome: A set of design specifications to develop the INCION® device into a commercial product.