How inhibitory control prevents thought intrusions and sensory and motor provocations

项目总结 执行功能是我们根据目标控制自己行为的能力的基础。其中一个要素是 执行功能是自上而下的抑制性控制。在过去的资助期里，我们区分了两种 抑制性控制--反应性和主动性。反应性抑制控制可以有广泛的影响，并由 停车信号。它显然是通过前额叶连接到基底节来实现的，我们认为 阻断了丘脑对皮层的驱动力。相比之下，主动抑制性控制是在任何反应之前建立的 显然是由感觉运动皮质实现的，也对基底节和 丘脑。在这里，我们利用我们对这些反应性和主动性抑制系统的知识来询问我们是如何 把不想要的想法放在心上，什么心理策略可以用来减轻痛苦。AIM 1测试 前额叶驱动的反应性抑制控制是否能阻止思想入侵。我们用所谓的 思考/不思考范式，在不思考的试验中，人们必须设法防止不想要的东西入侵 记忆。我们已经证明，这与前额叶β波段功率的增加有关。我们同时做脑电和功能磁共振检查 为了定位最符合不思考要求的前额叶节点，然后我们使用fMRI- 经引导的重复经颅磁刺激(TMS)，以创建该前额结节的“虚拟病变” 测试它在防止思想入侵方面的因果作用。目标2从反应性抑制控制转向测试 主动抑制性控制如何减少主观疼痛。我们灌输一种主动的抑制状态(这 对应于感觉运动β能力的增加)，然后我们测试在这种状态下，伤害性疼痛 从主观上看，刺激被评为不那么痛苦。然后，我们进行重复的TMS，以创建M1(和 电路)，以测试感觉运动β振荡在与减少的相关的抑制状态的因果作用 疼痛等级。目标3测试灌输一种积极的压抑状态是否可以防止思想入侵。我们 我将通过在以增加测试版为特征的任务状态中嵌入思考/不思考需求来实现这一点 震荡。这些状态要么是由给出提示的受试者内源性产生的，要么是通过使用Beta产生的 RTMS的条带夹带。

PROJECT SUMMARY Executive functions underlie our ability to control our behavior according to our goals. One element of executive function is top-down inhibitory control. Over the last funding periods we have distinguished two kinds of inhibitory control – reactive and proactive. Reactive inhibitory control can have broad effects and is driven by stop signals. It is apparently implemented by prefrontal connections to the basal ganglia, which we suppose blocks thalamic drive to cortex. By contrast, proactive inhibitory control is set up in advance of any response and is apparently implemented by sensorimotor cortex, also with downstream effects on basal ganglia and thalamus. Here we leverage our knowledge of these reactive and proactive inhibitory systems to ask how we keep unwanted thoughts out of mind and what mental strategies can be used to reduce pain. Aim 1 tests whether prefrontally-driven reactive inhibitory control prevents thought intrusions. We use the so-called Think/NoThink paradigm in which, on NoThink trials, people have to try to prevent the intrusion of an unwanted memory. We have shown this relates to increased prefrontal beta band power. We do simultaneous EEG/fMRI to localize the prefrontal node that best corresponds with the requirement to Not Think, and we then use fMRI- guided repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to create a ‘virtual lesion’ of that prefrontal node to test its causal role in preventing intrusions of thought. Aim 2 moves away from reactive inhibitory control to test how proactive inhibitory control reduces subjective pain. We inculcate a proactive inhibitory state (which corresponds to increased sensorimotor beta power) and we then test if, during this state, a nociceptive pain stimulus is rated as less painful subjectively. We then do repetitive TMS to create a ‘virtual lesion’ of M1 (and circuitry) to test the causal role of sensorimotor beta oscillations in a ‘suppressive’ state pertinent to reducing pain ratings. Aim 3 tests whether inculcating a proactive suppression state can prevent thought intrusions. We will do this by embedding the Think/NoThink requirement in task-states characterized by increased beta oscillations. These states are generated either endogenously by the subject given a cue or by the use of beta band entrainment with rTMS.