Walking, exploration, and language in high and low risk infants

项目总结 走路的开始和社会交流和语言的发展很可能是密切相关的 连接在一起。步行的进步促进了婴儿对环境的探索，并导致了 照顾者的投入；这些变化反过来又为社会发展提供了更多的机会 沟通和语言。相对于爬行器，步行器可以更好地访问远端对象，请浏览 更高效的环境，手持物品移动更多，更轻松地发起社交互动，并携带 在沟通的出价中反对照顾者，在此期间照顾者创造共同关注的时刻 语言输入可能是最有效的。行走的出现和发展的延迟可能是 因此，减少探索和社会互动的机会，减少有益的丰富照顾者投入 以促进社会交流和语言的发展。本研究的目的是进行详细的研究。 通过提供前瞻性的、纵向的数据来检验这一未被研究的发育途径 行走的产生和发展，运动探索的变化，婴儿交流的进步， 照顾者交流输入的变化，以及从6个月到36个月的语言发展。 研究设计包括密集的纵向观察，将标准步态数据与丰富的阵列相结合 婴儿运动、探索和交流行为以及照顾者的输入将从视频中编码。这将是 允许密切跟踪行走、运动探索以及婴儿和照顾者交流方面的进展 以及评估它们与后来的儿童语言结果的关系。通过比较已知的婴儿 运动和交流延迟的高风险(HR)(即，婴儿有较大的兄弟姐妹诊断为 自闭症谱系障碍)到没有已知风险的婴儿(低风险婴儿，LR)，这项研究将产生巨大的财富 不仅是关于基本发育过程的数据，而且是关于在 发展的关键时期。它还将使我们对婴儿探索的方式有更深的理解 当婴儿开始走路时，沟通和照顾者的投入会发生变化，因此这将奠定基础 用于开发新的干预措施，可及早提供，目标是加强社会 具有多种病因的早期运动发育迟缓婴儿的沟通和语言结果。 好了！

PROJECT SUMMARY The onset of walking and growth in social communication and language are likely to be intimately connected. Advances in walking facilitate infants’ exploration of the environment and lead to alterations in caregiver input; and these changes in turn provide expanded opportunities for the development of social communication and language. Relative to crawlers, walkers have greater access to distal objects, explore the environment more efficiently, move more with objects in hand, initiate social interaction more easily, and carry objects to caregivers in communicative bids creating moments of shared attention during which caregiver language input is likely to be maximally effective. Delays in the emergence and development of walking may therefore reduce opportunities for exploration and social interaction and diminish rich caregiver input beneficial for the growth of social communication and language. The purpose of this research is to conduct a detailed examination of this unstudied developmental pathway by providing prospective, longitudinal data on the emergence and development of walking, changes in locomotor exploration, advances in infant communication, alterations in caregiver communicative input, and later developments in language from 6 to 36 months of age. The study design involves intensive longitudinal observations that combine standard gait data with a rich array of infant motor, exploration, and communicative behaviors and caregiver input to be coded from video. This will permit close tracking of advances in walking, locomotor exploration, and infant and caregiver communication and evaluation of their relationship to later child language outcomes. By comparing infants known to be at heightened risk (HR) for motor and communicative delays (viz., infants with an older sibling diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder) to infants with no known risk (low-risk infants, LR), this research will yield a wealth of data not only on fundamental developmental processes but on the effects of developmental delays during a critical period in development. It will also yield a deeper understanding of the ways in which infant exploration and communication and caregiver input change when infants begin to walk, and thus it will lay the groundwork for the development of novel interventions that can be delivered early with the goal of enhancing social communication and language outcomes in infants with early motor delays with a broad range of etiologies. !