Diet and Cognition within a Reserve framework

项目总结/摘要 许多认知能力的下降都有很好的记录，并且与以下因素高度相关： 阿尔茨海默病（AD）的后续发展。尽管如此，在认知方面存在很大的差异， 个体对这些年龄相关变化的易感性的能力。这可能有助于识别潜在的 预防措施，阐明这种变异的机制。认知科学的最新进展 神经科学表明，在老年人中，认知的差异可能是由于目前的差异。 脑储备[脑储备峰值（BR峰值;年轻时神经生物学资本峰值）的综合结果] 和脑维持（BM;维持对抗衰老相关的形态学脑衰退的能力， 随着时间的推移病理积累）]和认知储备（CR;认知功能超过 从一定程度的大脑老化或病理学可以预期什么）。坚持地中海式 在文献中，饮食（MeDi）是对抗AD和认知能力下降的最重要的可改变的保护因素之一。 然而，这三个储备概念（BR，BM和CR）中的哪一个在Medi的认知益处中发挥作用， 不清楚深入了解储备概念在饮食和AD或认知背景下的作用， 协助确定公共卫生工作的优先次序，并为饮食建议提供坚实的基础， 适应力和AD预防。我们的目的是研究BR，BM和CR在认知益处中的各自作用 使用来自一个独特的研究人群的数据，其中包括562名认知健康的参与者， 年龄在20-80岁之间，采用多模式脑成像测量（神经心理电池）进行评估， 问卷调查的许多人口和生活方式的因素。该队列的五年随访正在进行中。因此，在本发明中， 我们完全有能力探索MeDi与所有年龄段的现有BR之间的联系，特别是 感兴趣的将是代表BR峰值的年轻成年人的当前BR。对于BM，我们以前有 使用横截面数据开发了相对BM措施。更重要的是，纵向数据将允许 直接测量BM。最后，我们在CR量化方面拥有丰富的经验。具体而言，我们将：1） 检查健康饮食（例如MeDi）是否与更大的BR相关。我们将研究是否更接近 在所有年龄组中，坚持Medi与较大的BR相关，在年轻人中， 接近MeDi与峰值BR的关联。2)检查Medi是否与BM相关。我们将 使用横截面数据检查Medi是否与相对BM代理正相关，并且与 直接测量BM（使用脑纵向变化测量）。3)检查Medi是否关联 关于CR使用横截面数据，我们将检查Medi是否与以下“残差”估计相关： CR，或与先前确定的CR-脑网络的表达。使用纵向数据，我们将检查 Medi是否调节大脑和认知变化之间的关系。

Project Summary/Abstract Age-related declines on many cognitive abilities are well documented and are highly associated with subsequent development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nevertheless, there is great variability in cognitive abilities across individuals in susceptibility to these age-related changes. It may help to identify potential preventive measures by elucidating the mechanisms underlying this variability. Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience suggests that, among the elderly, variation in cognition might be due to the differences in present brain reserve [a combined result from peak brain reserve (peak BR; peak neurobiological capital at young age) and the brain maintenance (BM; ability of maintain against aging-related morphologic brain decline or pathological accumulation over time)] and cognitive reserve (CR; the extent of cognitive function exceeding what can be expected from a certain level of brain aging or pathology). Adherence to the Mediterranean-type diet (MeDi) is one of the top modifiable protective factors against AD and cognitive decline in the literature. However, which of the three reserve concepts (BR, BM, and CR) play a role in the cognitive benefits of MeDi is unclear. Obtaining insight into the role of the reserve concepts in the context of diet and AD or cognition will assist to prioritize public health efforts and provide a firm foundation for dietary recommendations on cognitive resilience and AD prevention. We aim to examine the respective roles of BR, BM and CR in cognitive benefits of MeDi, using data from a unique research population which includes 562 cognitively healthy participants aged 20-80, evaluated with multimodal brain imaging measures, a neuropsychological battery, and questionnaires on many demographic and lifestyle factors. Five-year follow-up of the cohort is ongoing. Thus, we are well positioned to explore the association between MeDi and present BR in all age groups, of particular interest will be the present BR of young adults representing the peak BR. For BM, we have previously developed relative BM measures using cross-sectional data. More importantly, the longitudinal data will allow us to directly measure BM. Finally, we have extensive experience in CR quantification. Specifically, we will: 1) Examine whether healthy diet such as MeDi is associated with larger BR. We will examine whether closer adherence to MeDi is associated with larger BR in all age groups, with the association in the young adults approximating the association of MeDi with Peak BR. 2) Examine whether MeDi is associated with BM. We will examine whether MeDi is positively associated with a relative BM proxy using cross-sectional data, and with a direct measure of BM (using longitudinal change of brain measures). 3) Examine whether MeDi is associated with CR. Using cross-sectional data, we will examine whether MeDi is associated with a “residual” estimate of CR, or with the expression of previously identified CR-brain networks. Using longitudinal data, we will examine whether MeDi moderates the relationship between brain and cognitive change.