International Tobacco Policy Survey

描述（由申请人提供）：本申请旨在将ITC四国调查的资金再延长五年。ITC四国调查的目的是评估国家一级烟草控制政策的社会心理和行为影响，并了解四个国家-美国、加拿大、联合王国和澳大利亚-政策影响的共性和差异。在前瞻性队列设计中，参与者是每个国家的1,500名成年吸烟者，他们每年接受45分钟的电话调查，持续5年。ITC四国调查是全球ITC项目的核心调查，该项目正在对17个国家的成年吸烟者代表性样本进行平行队列调查，这些国家居住着世界上一半以上的吸烟者。ITC项目是唯一的国际烟草使用者比较队列调查，其重点是评估《烟草控制框架公约》（FCTC）政策的影响，这是有史以来第一个全球卫生条约，使ITC项目在为FCTC提供证据基础方面处于独特的中心地位，这反过来又为许多国家实施强有力的循证政策提供了指导。ITC的调查包括吸烟行为的测量、吸烟和戒烟的心理社会预测因素，以及五个主要政策领域的政策相关措施：（1）加强警告标签，（2）取消或限制“清淡”或“温和”卷烟品牌描述符，（3）取消或限制烟草产品的广告和促销，（4）价格和税收的变化，（5）禁烟法。准实验性设计包括国家间控制和国家内控制，从而允许对国家一级的政策进行严格测试。ITC项目有8个具体目标：（1）与政策不变的其他国家相比，检查一个国家引入的政策是否会影响自我报告的吸烟行为，（2）与政策不变的其他国家相比，检查一个国家引入的政策是否会增加与政策相关的心理社会变量，（3）与政策不变的其他国家相比，研究在一个国家实施的政策是否会导致已知与吸烟和戒烟行为有关的社会心理变量发生有利变化，（4）研究烟草控制政策的影响是否会被补偿行为（例如，价格上涨导致人们转向折扣品牌而不是戒烟，（5）研究烟草控制政策的影响是否受到情境和个体差异因素的调节，（6）确定可能解释烟草控制政策如何实现目标的心理社会机制。（或未能实现）他们的目标，（7）确定与吸烟和戒烟有关的因素的相似性和差异，以及（8）评估美国FDA可能即将出台的烟草法规的影响。由于FCTC已进入实施阶段，FDA法规可能很快发生变化，因此该项目具有相当大的时间紧迫性。公共卫生相关性：该项目评估了四个国家与烟草控制有关的国家级公共卫生政策的相对有效性。国家政策有能力通过鼓励健康行为或劝阻不健康行为来有效改善公共卫生。在政策环境不同的国家之间或在一段时间内进行的比较将说明具体政策在减少烟草消费方面的有效性，为公共卫生官员作出知情决定提供证据。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This application seeks to renew funding for the ITC Four Country Survey for five additional years. The objective of the ITC Four Country Survey is to evaluate the psychosocial and behavioural effects of national-level tobacco control policies and to understand the commonality and differences of policy effects in four countries - United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. In a prospective cohort design, the participants are 1,500 adult smokers in each country who respond to a 45-minute telephone survey every year for five additional years. The ITC Four Country Survey is the core survey of the global ITC Project, which is conducting parallel cohort surveys of representative samples of adult smokers in 17 countries, inhabited by over half of the world's smokers. The ITC Project is the only international comparative cohort survey of tobacco users, and its focus on evaluating the impact of policies of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first- ever global health treaty, has placed the ITC Project at a unique and central position in providing the evidence base for the FCTC, which in turn has provided guidance to many countries regarding the implementation of strong evidence-based policies. The ITC survey includes measures of smoking behaviour, psychosocial predictors of smoking and quitting, and policy-relevant measures in five major policy domains (1) enhancement of warning labels, (2) elimination or restriction of the terms "light" or "mild" cigarette brand descriptors, (3) elimination or restrictions on advertising and promotion of tobacco products, (4) changes in price and taxation, and (5) smoke-free laws. The quasi-experimental design includes both between-country controls and within- country controls, thus allowing rigorous tests of national-level policies. There are 8 specific aims, which will be addressed by ITC Project: (1) examine whether a policy introduced in one country will affect self-reported smoking behaviour, in comparison to other countries where that policy is not changing, (2) examine whether a policy introduced in one country will enhance policy-relevant psychosocial variables in comparison to other countries where that policy is not changing, (3) examine whether a policy introduced in one country will lead to favourable changes in psychosocial variables known to be related to smoking and quitting behaviour, in comparison to other countries where that policy is not changing, (4) examine whether the effects of tobacco control policies may be offset by compensatory behaviours (e.g., price increases leading to shifts toward discount brands rather than to quitting, (5) examine whether the effects of tobacco control policies are moderated by situational and individual-difference factors, (6) identify the psychosocial mechanisms that may explain how tobacco control policies achieve (or fail to achieve) their goals, (7) identify similarities and differences in the factors that relate to smoking and cessation, and (8) evaluate the impact of the potentially forthcoming FDA regulation of tobacco in the U.S. This project has considerable time urgency as the FCTC has progressed into the implementation phase and FDA regulatory changes may occur soon. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project evaluates the relative effectiveness of national level public health policies related to tobacco control across four countries. National policies have the ability to effectively improve public health by encouraging healthy behaviors or discouraging unhealthy behaviors. Comparisons made between countries with different policy environments, or within countries over time, will illustrate the effectiveness of specific policies in reducing tobacco consumption, providing public health officials with evidence to make informed decisions.