Characterizing habitual and goal-directed behavioral control systems in the human

描述（由申请人提供）：“使用计算和多变量fMRI表征人脑中的习惯性和目标导向行为控制系统”。主要研究者：John P. O'Doherty博士研究所：加州理工学院项目摘要虽然现在对啮齿动物目标导向和习惯性学习背后的行为和神经机制了解很多，但对编码支持这两种学习类型的人类的关联的大脑结构知之甚少，对实现它们的神经计算知之更少。更重要的是，我们对人类这两个系统之间的行为控制转换机制几乎一无所知。该项目旨在解决这些关键的知识差距。为了实现这一目标，我们将结合联合收割机复杂的行为协议，灵感来自动物研究的工具条件反射，与国家的最先进的功能磁共振成像数据分析。我们首先部署多变量模式分析技术，以建立目标导向和习惯学习的候选大脑结构，如vmPFC，前，后纹状体和补充运动皮层的联想编码的性质。接下来，我们将复杂的计算模型应用于我们的行为和功能磁共振成像数据，以确定这些大脑区域中这些学习形式的实现背后的计算性质。一旦对目标导向和习惯性学习的神经实现有了更清楚的理解，我们就把注意力转向控制居住化的因素，以及参与调节习惯性和目标导向系统对行为的控制的神经系统。为此，我们将应用我们实验室开发的一种新的实验范式，该范式可以在人类志愿者中快速诱导行为居住化，而不需要繁琐的过度训练或迄今为止用于诱导人类习惯的其他不切实际的程序。通过将这一过程与功能性磁共振成像相结合，我们将能够直接识别当行为受到习惯性控制时所参与的大脑结构。这个项目将提供新的见解如何习惯和目标导向的学习是在大脑中实施，并阐明这些系统控制行为的机制。最终，这项研究有可能导致新的机制的发展，诱导习惯性控制，以实现适应性和健康的行为的维护。 公共卫生相关性：在寻找治疗肥胖、成瘾和其他精神疾病等疾病的新行为疗法时，一个根本问题是如何使导致健康后果的行为习惯化，从而确保它们的维持，而不依赖于理性决策的费力过程。尽管有大量来自动物条件反射实验的证据，但人们对人类习惯性行为背后的心理和神经过程知之甚少，这些过程决定了习惯性行为对目标导向行为选择的主导作用。在这个建议中，我们的目标是阐明习惯是如何在大脑中处理的，并研究习惯可以控制人类行为的神经机制。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): "Characterizing habitual and goal-directed behavioral control systems in the human brain using computational and multivariate fMRI". PI: Dr. John P. O'Doherty Institution: California Institute of Technology PROJECT SUMMARY While much is now known about the behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying goal-directed and habitual learning in rodents, much less is known about the brain structures involved in encoding the associations that support these two types of learning humans, and even less is known about the neural computations underlying their implementation. Even more critically, almost nothing is known about the mechanisms governing the transition in behavioral control between these two systems in humans. This project seeks to address these critical gaps in knowledge. To achieve this we will combine sophisticated behavioral protocols, inspired by animal studies of instrumental conditioning, with state-of-the-art fMRI data analysis. We first deploy multivariate pattern analysis techniques in order to establish the nature of associative encoding in candidate brain structures for goal-directed and habit learning such as the vmPFC, anterior and posterior striatum and supplementary motor cortex. Next, we apply sophisticated computational models to our behavioral and fMRI data in order to establish the nature of the computations underlying the implementation of these forms of learning in these brain areas. Once a clearer understanding of the neural implementation of goal-directed and habitual learning has been achieved, we turn our attention to the factors governing habitization, and to the neural systems involved in mediating the control of the habitual and goal-directed systems over behavior. For this we will apply a novel experimental paradigm developed in our laboratory that can induce behavioral habitization rapidly in human volunteers without the need for cumbersome over-training or other impractical procedures hitherto used to induce habits in humans. By combining this procedure with fMRI we will be able to directly identify brain structures engaged when behavior is under habitual control. This project will provide new insights into how habitual and goal-directed learning is implemented in the brain, and shed light on the mechanisms underlying the control of these systems over behavior. Ultimately this research has the potential to lead to the development of new mechanisms for inducing habitual control in order to achieve the maintenance of adaptive and healthful behaviors. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: A fundamental issue in the search for new behavioral treatments for disorders such as obesity, addiction and other psychiatric diseases is how to habitize behaviors that lead to healthful consequences, and thus ensure their maintenance without dependence on the effortful process of rational decision- making. In spite of substantial evidence from animal conditioning experiments, very little is known about the psychological and neural processes that underlie habitual performance in humans and that determine its dominance over goal- directed action selection. In this proposal we aim to shed light on how habits are processed in the brain, and to investigate the neural mechanism by which habits can come to control human behavior.