Racial and Ethnic Diversity in American Communities, 1980-2010

描述（由申请人提供）：美国日益多样化的人口构成对教育、卫生保健、经济、政治和其他社会生活领域产生了重大影响。我们提出的研究旨在更好地理解种族和民族多样性——人口中多个种族和民族群体的代表——如何在从州到地方的地理范围内表现出来。十年一次的人口普查和美国社区调查数据将用于检查三十年来（1980-2010）整个国家定居系统的多样性程度、结构、趋势和相关性，包括一般和详细的种族-民族类别。我们从以地球为中心和以群体为中心的角度研究多样性，并从空间同化、民族分层和生态角度提供理论基础。我们的分析有五个具体目标。目标1：描述国家和社区尺度上的多样性，特别注意朝向更大多样性趋势的地理普遍性。在社区层面，我们将采用熵指数、“多数决原则”组成类型学、过渡矩阵、队列分析和增长混合模型来评估大都市、小城市和农村地区和地方的多样性是趋同还是分化。目标2：比较各州和社区种族-民族多样性的变化与人口多样性的其他非种族维度的变化（例如，年龄，社会经济地位），询问社会分化的“主要趋势”是否正在进行中。目标3：记录空间过程在社区种族和民族多样性中的作用。Moran的I， LISA和过渡矩阵将帮助我们确定传染性扩散模型如何很好地解释全国各县和选定都市区内不同地方的多样性传播。目标4：确定群落多样性的相关性，包括横断面和时间。对城市、微型和农村地区的多元模型和其组成地区的多层次模型进行估计，以记录多样性与少数民族地位、社区生态特征和邻近地理单元的种族混合之间的联系。目标5：通过调查特定种族-民族群体的位置分散及其成员对多样性的暴露，开发以群体为中心的多样性方法。在这五个目标中，我们都强调了那些接近政府管辖区域、服务区、住房和劳动力市场的社区单位，在这些地方，与多样性相关的问题往往需要政策关注。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The increasingly diverse demographic composition of the United States has significant implications for education, health care, the economy, politics, and other domains of social life. Our proposed research seeks to better understand how racial and ethnic diversity-the representation of multiple racial-ethnic groups in a population-manifests itself across geographies that range from states to places. Decennial census and American Community Survey data will be used to examine diversity magnitudes, structures, trends, and correlates throughout the national settlement system over three decades (1980-2010) for both general and detailed racial-ethnic categories. We study diversity from geocentric and group-centric orientations, with the spatial assimilation, ethnic stratification, and ecological perspectives providing a theoretical foundation. Our analysis has five specific aims. Aim 1: To describe diversity at the state and community scales, paying special attention to the geographic pervasiveness of the trend toward greater diversity. At the community level, we will employ the entropy index, a 'majority rule' compositional typology, transition matrices, cohort analysis, and growth mixture models to assess whether metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural areas and places are converging or diverging in diversity. Aim 2: To compare changes in the racial-ethnic diversity of states and communities to changes on other, non-racial dimensions of demographic diversity (e.g., age, socioeconomic status), asking whether a 'master trend' in societal differentiation is underway. Aim 3: To document the role of spatial processes in community racial and ethnic diversity. Moran's I, LISA, and transition matrices will help us determine how well a contagious diffusion model accounts for the spread of diversity across counties nationally and across places within selected metro areas. Aim 4: To identify the correlates of community diversity, both cross-sectionally and over time. Multivariate models for metro, micro, and rural areas and multilevel models for their constituent places will be estimated to document the associations between diversity and minority group standing, community ecological characteristics, and the racial mix of neighboring geographic units. Aim 5: To develop a group-centric approach to diversity by investigating the locational dispersion of particular racial- ethnic groups and their members' exposure to diversity. In each of the five aims, we emphasize those community units that approximate the governmental jurisdictions, service districts, and housing and labor markets where diversity-related issues often require policy attention.