Person-environment interplay in alcohol use and consequences among Black youth

项目摘要/摘要 未成年人饮酒是一个主要的公共卫生问题，对非洲人的有害影响格外严重 美国人。尽管非裔美国青年表现出较高的禁酒率和较低的节欲比率 酗酒，非裔美国人饮酒者会经历更多的负面后果，比如 更多负面的家庭和人际问题、法律问题、与酒精有关的伤害和疾病，以及 酒精依赖症状。此外，一旦发展起来，酒精问题更有可能持续存在。 非洲裔美国人的饮酒者比其他种族群体更多。为了减少这些令人烦恼的酒精相关健康 由于存在差异，因此必须更好地了解酒精使用升级所涉及的风险途径 饮酒的负面后果(例如，学业失败、参与刑事司法系统、 物质使用和危险的性行为)在非裔美国人中。青春期中期是最佳时期 观察饮酒和饮酒负面后果的升级及其风险过程，因为 酒精在12/13岁达到高峰，酒精使用障碍在18岁达到高峰。 互动主义观点，个体通过与其社会的持续的互惠互动而发展 环境。虽然已经确定了广泛的个人和社会环境风险因素，但它 目前尚不清楚这些因素是如何相互影响的，并在饮酒和饮酒方面产生负面影响 随着时间的推移，非裔美国青年中饮酒的后果。使用遗传信息的2波 纵向研究设计，本研究旨在模拟两种途径(即自我选择和基因选择)。 环境相互作用)，即个体因素与社会环境因素相互作用并影响 城市非裔美国青年中酒精使用的增加及其后果。第一，个人因素 (例如，既往饮酒、冲动、饮酒意图和DRD4 rs1800955)，这些因素决定了 选择进入高危环境的年轻人(例如，酗酒的同龄人和容易饮酒的人)将是 已确认身份。第二，基因类型(5-HTTLPR，DRD4 VNTR，DRD4 rs1800955， 以及ADH1B*3)调节环境对酒精使用变化的影响以及随着时间的推移而产生的后果 将会受到考验。自我选择和基因-环境相互作用的两个过程将阐明关键 酒精的使用和后果随着时间的推移而加剧的途径。增强的知识 关于非裔美国青年中的风险途径将通过向 制定对种族和发展有敏感认识的预防和干预战略，旨在 减少非裔美国青年中与酒精有关的健康差距。

Project Summary/Abstract Underage drinking is a major public health concern, showing disproportionately harmful effects on African Americans. Despite the fact that African-American youth exhibit higher rates of abstinence and lower rates of binge drinking, African-American drinkers experience more negative consequences from drinking such as more negative family and interpersonal problems, legal problems, alcohol-related injuries and diseases, and alcohol dependence symptoms. In addition, once developed, alcohol problems are more likely to persist in African American drinkers than in other racial groups. To reduce these troubling alcohol-related health disparities, it is essential to better understand the risk pathways involved in escalations of alcohol use and negative drinking consequences (e.g., academic failure, involvement with the criminal justice system, substance use, and risky sexual behaviors) among African Americans. Mid-adolescence is the optimal period to observe escalations of alcohol use and negative drinking consequences and their risk processes, because alcohol initiation peaks at ages 12/13 and alcohol use disorders peaks at age 18. In the dynamic interactionism perspective, individuals develop through the ongoing reciprocal interplay with their social environment. Although a wide range of individual and social environmental risk factors have been identified, it is unknown how these factors reciprocally affect each other and shape changes in alcohol use and negative drinking consequences among African-American youth over time. Using a genetically-informed 2-wave longitudinal study design, this proposed research aims to model two pathways (i.e., self-selection and gene- environment interaction), by which individual factors interplay with social environmental factors and affect increases in alcohol use and consequences among urban African American youth. First, individual factors (e.g., prior drinking, impulsivity, intention to drink, and the DRD4 rs1800955) that determine the extent to which youth select into high-risk environments (e.g., heavy-drinking peers, and easy alcohol accessibility) will be identified. Second, the extent to which genotypes (the 5-HTTLPR, the DRD4 VNTR, the DRD4 rs1800955, and the ADH1B*3) modulate environmental influences on changes in alcohol use and consequences over time will be tested. The two processes of self-selection and gene-environment interactions will elucidate critical pathways by which alcohol use and consequences are exacerbated over time. The enhanced knowledge about the risk pathways among African American youth will improve public health by informing the development of ethnically and developmentally sensitive prevention and intervention strategies designed to reduce health disparities related to alcohol among African American youth.