Performance and control of physiological parameters for diabetes mellitus

糖尿病是一种常见的慢性疾病，是一个日益严重的公共卫生问题。其特征在于身体无法控制血糖浓度，导致血浆葡萄糖浓度升高超过正常血糖范围。与糖尿病相关的大多数长期健康问题是肾病、视网膜病变、神经病变、心血管疾病和脑血管事件。加拿大的数据显示，2005年，4.3%的成年人（12岁及以上的人）被诊断患有糖尿病。根据加拿大公共卫生署的数据，加拿大每年估计有60，000例新诊断的糖尿病病例。一旦患者发生疾病，降低死亡率和发病率的最重要关键是更好地控制血糖。以前的研究主要集中在1型，因为胰岛细胞产生胰岛素的功能完全耗尽。大多数患者患有2型糖尿病，这主要是由于胰岛素抵抗和胰岛细胞的胰岛素分泌有限。目前，2型患者正在接受口服药物治疗。其中一些最终需要注射胰岛素。本研究的最终目标是通过将工程学中成熟的建模和评估原则应用于2型糖尿病来改善糖尿病患者的生活质量。直接的短期目标是使用从已发表的患者数据中获得的2型特异性糖尿病模型对胰岛素抵抗和受损的胰岛素产生进行建模，模拟不同药物的药理学影响，以及改进用于葡萄糖检测的微传感器的光谱测量。目前研究的结果将更好地了解不同化学单位（身体隔室）的动态相互作用以及对化学过程（葡萄糖调节）的药理学影响，结果可用于指导患者的治疗方向。

Diabetes Mellitus is a common chronic disease that is an ever-increasing public health issue. It is characterized by the inability of the body to control blood glucose concentration, resulting in plasma glucose concentration elevated beyond the normoglycemic range. Most of the long-term health problems associated with diabetes are nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular diseases and cerebral vascular events. Canadian data show that in 2005, 4.3% of adults (people 12 years of age and older) have been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. According to the Public Health Agency of Canada, there are an estimated 60,000 new cases of diagnosed diabetes every year in Canada. Once the disease has been developed in a patient, the most important key to reduce mortality and morbidity is to have better control of blood glucose. Previous research has been focused mostly on Type 1 because of the complete depletion of islet cell functions in producing insulin. The majority of patients suffer from Type 2 which is due to mostly insulin resistance and limited insulin secretion by islet cells. Currently, Type 2 patients are being treated with oral medications. Some of them will eventually require insulin injection. The ultimate goal of this proposed research is to improve the quality of living for diabetic patients by applying well-developed modeling and assessment principles in engineering to type 2 diabetes mellitus. The immediate short-term objectives are to model the insulin resistance and impaired insulin production using a type-2-specific diabetic model obtained from published patient data, simulate the pharmacological impact of different medications, as well as improve the spectral measurements of a micro-sensor for glucose detection. The outcome from the current research will provide better understanding of the dynamic interactions of different chemical units (body compartments) and the pharmacological impact on the chemical process (glucose regulation), and the results can be used to guide treatment directions for patients.